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Addressing In Computer Networks

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Published in: Networking
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Slides for teaching Addressing in Computer Networks

Dr A / Kolkata

8 years of teaching experience

Qualification: PhD in Computer Science & Engineering

Teaches: Basic Computer, School Level Computer, Computer, IT, C / C++, Java And J2EE, Shell Scripting, Visual Basic

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  1. Addressing Dr. ARIJIT GHOSAL Assistant Professor, Dept. of Computer Sc. & Engg. Neotia Institute of Technology Management And Science Diamond Harbour Road
  2. Introduction IPv4 Addresses Address Space Notations Classful Addressing CIDR Notation Network Address Subnetting Supernetting Classless Addressing IPv6 Addresses Types of Addressing 9/22/2017 9:42 PM Contents Addressing 2
  3. Introduction Two Types —Physical and Logical Physical Addressing - Generated by MAC sub-layer, so termed as MAC Address - Denotes hardware address of Ethernet card - Cannot be changed - 48 bit long 9/22/2017 9:42 PM Addressing 3
  4. Introduction Logical Addressing - It is logical - Changeable - Two types — IPv4 and IPv6 - IPv4 is 32 bit long and IPv6 is 128 bit long 9/22/2017 9:42 PM Addressing 4
  5. I Pv4 Addresses 32-bit address It uniquely and universally defines the connection of a device Two devices on the internet can never have the same address at the same time 9/22/2017 9:42 PM Addressing 5
  6. Address Space Total no. of addresses used by the protocol If a protocol uses N bits to define an address, the address space is 2N IPv4 uses 32 bit addresses, which means the address space is 232 9/22/2017 9:42 PM Addressing 6
  7. Notations Two prevalent notations Decimal Notation Binary Notation Binary Notation and Dotted - IPv4 address is displayed as 32 bits - Each octet is often referred as a byte, so IPv4 address is a 4-byte address 01110101 9/22/2017 9:42 PM 10010101 00011101 00000010 Addressing 7
  8. Notations Dotted Decimal Notation - To make IPv4 address more compact and easier to read, Internet addresses are usually written in decimal form with a decimal point (dot) separating the bytes 9/22/2017 9:42 PM 117.149.29.2 Addressing 8
  9. Classful Addressing Address space is divided into five classes: A,B,C,D,E Class A Class C Class D Class E byte 10 J 10 '1110 Second byte byte Fourth byte classA Class Class First byte 0-127 -128-191 224-239 240=255 Second Third Fourth byte byte byte a. Binary notation 9/22/2017 9:42 PM b' Dotted-decimal notation Finding the classes in binary and dolled-decimal notation Addressing 9
  10. Classful Addressing Netid and Hostid - IP address in class A,B or C is divided netid and hostid - These are of varying lengths depending on class of address - This concept is not applicable for class D and E 9/22/2017 9:42 PM Addressing 10
  11. Classful Addressing Netid and Hostid - In class A, first one byte define netid and three bytes define the hostid - In class B, first two bytes define netid and two bytes define hosid - In class C, first three bytes define netid and one byte defines the hostid 9/22/2017 9:42 PM Addressing 11
  12. Classful Addressing Mask - Length of netid and hostid is predefined, still we can also use a mask ( sometimes called as default mask) Class c Binary Default masks for classful addressing Dotted-Decimal 255.0.00 255.255-0.0 255.255255.0 CIDR In LIPv4 addressing, a block of addresses can be defined as x.ya.t In in which x.y,z.t defines one of the addresses and the /n defines the mask. 9/22/2017 9:42 PM Addressing 12
  13. CIDR Notation Mask is written in the form / n, where n can be 8, 16,24 This notation is also called slash notation or Classless Interdomain Routing (CIDR) notation Used in classless addressing 9/22/2017 9:42 PM Addressing 13
  14. Network Address It is an address which defines the network itself It cannot be assigned to a host Netrd SBXiføc 123.6.4734 123000 x Class A 9/22/2017 9:42 PM i 2-u».123.4 141.142.8 141.1400 141-14.$.9 Addressing HostJd All OS 221.45.71.64 221.45 221 AS 71.0 14
  15. Network Address Several properties - All hostid bytes are O - It defines the network to the rest of the Internet - First address of the block - From network address, class of address can be determined Example: Given the address 23.56.7.91, find network address Soln: The class is A. Only the first byte defines the netid. We can find the network address by replacing the hostid bytes (56.7.91) with Os. So, network address is 23.0.0.0 9/22/2017 9:42 PM Addressing 15
  16. Subnetting Subnetting - If an organization was granted a large block in class A or B, it could divide the addresses into several contiguous groups - These groups are assigned to smaller networks (subnets) - Subnet increases the number of Is in the mask 9/22/2017 9:42 PM Addressing 16
  17. Supernetting Supernetting - An organization can combine several class C blocks to create a larger range of addresses - In other words, several networks are combined to create a supernetwork or a supernet 9/22/2017 9:42 PM Addressing 17
  18. Classless Addressing An entity which wants to connect to Internet is granted a block or range of addresses The size of the block is variable 9/22/2017 9:42 PM Addressing 18
  19. Classless Addressing Restrictions - The address in a block must be contiguous, one after another - The number of addresses in a block must be power of 2 - The first address must be evenly divisible by the no of addresses First 9/22/2017 9:42 PM Block 203.16332 205,163.33 Decimal 1 lcm 101 11001101 11001101 b. Black 00100101 00100101 00100101 cou00J block Of 16 addresses granted to a organization Addressing 19
  20. IPv6 Addresses Consists of 16 bytes — 128 bit long Hexadecimal Colon Notation - 128 bits is divided into 8 sections, each 2 bytes in length - 2 bytes in hexadecimal notation requires 4 hexadecimal digits - Address consists of 32 hexadecimal digits, with every four digits, separated by a colon 9/22/2017 9:42 PM Addressing 20
  21. IPv6 Addresses 128 FDEC 9/22/2017 9:42 PM —16 bytes — 321tex digivs BOFF Addressing 0000 -FFFF 21
  22. IPv6 Addresses Abbreviation - Even in hexadecimal format, many of the digits are zeros - So abbreviation is required - The leading Os of a section can be omitted, not trailing Os Original FOEC : : COOO : : : BUFF : Abbreviated : 74 : o : O : O abbreviated : '14 : : : O FFFO 9/22/2017 9:42 PM Abbreviated IPv6 addresses Addressing 22
  23. IPv6 Addresses Expand the address O: 15:: 1: 12: 1213 to its original Solution First need to align the left side of the double colon to left of the original pattern and the right side of the double colon to the right of the original pattern to find how many Os we need to replace the double colon 1: 12:1213 So the original address is 9/22/2017 9:42 PM Addressing 23
  24. Types of Addressing Unicast Addresses - Defines a single computer - Packets sent to a unicast address must be delivered to that specific computer Multicast Addresses - Used to define a group of hosts instead of just one - A packet sent to a multicast address must be delivered to each member of the group 9/22/2017 9:42 PM Addressing 24
  25. Types of Addressing Anycast Addresses - Like a multicast address, also define a group of hosts - Packets destined for an anycast address is delivered to only one of the members of the anycast group Broadcast Addresses - A logical address at which all devices connected to a multiple-access communications network are enabled to receive data - A message sent to a broadcast address is received by all network-attached hosts, rather than by a specific host 9/22/2017 9:42 PM Addressing 25
  26. 9/22/2017 9:42 PM Addressing 26

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