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Networking Protocols, Devices

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Published in: Networking
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A network protocol defines rules and conventions for communication between network devices. Protocols for computer networking all generally use packet switching techniques to send and receive messages in the form of packets. Network protocols include mechanisms for devices to identify and make connections with each other, as well as formatting rules that specify how data is packaged into messages sent and received. Some protocols also support message acknowledgement and data compression designed for reliable and/or high-performance network communication. Hundreds of different computer network protocols have been developed each designed for specific purposes and environments.

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  1. Networking, Devices and Protocols
  2. OSI Model Overview 7 6 5 4 3 2 Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical —>Network Processes to Applications Data Representation Interhost Communication End-to-end Connections •->Address and Best Path —— Access to Media B i nary Transmiss ion • Wires, conner;lors, vrålages, data rates The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference model is an industry standard framework that is used to divide the functions of networking into seven distinct layers. Each layer provides specific services to the layers above and below it in order for the network to work effectively. 2
  3. OSI Model L) prer TCP Header i i C Heaier MAC Header Oata Oat* 'Application: ion Transport FCS Data Link FCS Physical upcer Layer Oate Layet TCP + upper Layer Oala IP TCP 4 Upper LLC Oi01110i01C01c.ccntO Segment ails 0t011i0t01COlOCC,010 •pplieatiag,: Transport Oat* Link Physical TOP rvi A message begins at the top application layer and moves down the OSI layers to the bottom physical layer. As the message descends, each successive OSI model layer adds a header to it. A header is layer-specific information that basically explains what functions the layer carried out. Conversely, at the receiving end, headers are striped from the message as it travels up the corresponding layers. 3
  4. What is a Protocol? Protocol Functions," • Identifies errors Applies compression iechniq',.kA Oecidesco: Hcw toanncunce sentdata How to annwnc,e reteived data How data * How the dala ig gent Protocol is a controlled sequence of messages that is exchanged between two or more systems to accomplish a given task. Protocol specifications define this sequence together with the format or layout of the messages that are exchanged. 4
  5. Transmission Control Protocol/lnternet Protocol 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 OSI Reference Model Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical TCPIIP Conceptual Layers Application Transport Network Network Interface The Transmission Control Protocol/lnternet Protocol (TCP/IP) suite of protocols has become the dominant standard for inter- networking. TCP/IP represents a set of public standards that specify how packets of information are exchanged between computers over one or more networks. 5
  6. Transmission Control Protocol/lnternet Protocol TFTP* FTP Application Transport Network Network Interface NFS E-mail SMTP Telnet' rlogin Network management SNMP Narne managernent DNS Application Transport Network Network Interface TCP UDP Application Transport N etwork Network Interface ARP RARP RIP 6
  7. Internetwork Packet Packet Exchange Common protocol elements of IPX/SPX protocol suite include: Service Advertising Novell Routing Infcrrnation {Navel' RIP} Nerware Cote Protaccl {NC?) Get Nearest Server • Netware Link Services Protocol fNLSP} Internetwork Packet Exchange/Sequenced Packet Exchange (IPX/SPX) is the protocol suite employed originally by NovellO. It delivers functions similar to those included in TCP/IP. 7
  8. NetBEUI NetBIOS Extended User Interface (NetBEUI) is a protocol used primarily on small Windows NT networks. NetBEUI is a simple protocol that lacks many of the features that enable protocol suites such as TCP/IP to be used on networks of almost any size. 8
  9. AppleTalk Examples of AppleTalk protocol include the following: • Apg±eTalk Filing Protocol (AFP} Stream Protocol (ADS?) Zone Information Prckccc.' {ZIP) • Avg•eTalk Session Protccci {ASP) • Printer Access Protoc.ol 'PAP} AppleTalk is comprised of a e set of protocols that span the seven layers of the reference model. AppleTalk protocols were designed to run over the major LAN types, notably Ethernet and Token Ring, and also Apple's own LAN physical topology, LocalTaIk. 9
  10. -rcpnp Utilities 10
  11. TCPnP utilities: • Packet Internet (ping} • Address Resal ion Protoccl (ARP} and ARP ( RP} and • NLotRtat IP configuration utlities: ipnnfig, winipcfg, aanfig, and ifeonfig • Re./lte-trxr:ing utilities; traæraote, tracert, and jptrace TCP/IP is a complex collection of protocols. Most vendors implement the suite to include a variety of utilities for viewing configuration information and troubleshooting problems. 11
  12. Ping Ping works by sending an ICMP echo request to the destination computer. The receiving computer then sends back an ICMP echo reply message It is also possible to use Ping to find the IP address of a host when the name is known. e.' appie.e•m •pele.c•m • ZS4.3-aa3] bytes Reply fr Reply time—9irr.$ Packets: SenE P,eceived O round r-ei.p Minimum Maxi-mum Average 12
  13. ARP, RARP, NSLOOKUP ARP Commands: up •a - Oisplays cache • arp-G Adds a permanent LP-IO-MAC mapping • arp-dt - Deletes an entry fron the ARP cache Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is the means by which networked computers map Internet Protocol (IP) addresses to physical hardware (MAC) addresses that are recognized in a local network. Machines that do not know their IP addresses use Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP). It is used to obtain IP address information based on the physical or MAC address. 13
  14. ARP, RARP, NSLOOKUP Nslookup returns the IP address for a given hostname. It will also do the reverse and find the host name for a specified IP address. 14
  15. Netstat/tpcon The netstat command is used in Windows and o UNIX/Linux to display TCP/IP connection and protocol information. The netstat command provides a list of connections that are currently active. Netstat statistics can be useful in troubleshooting TCP/IP connectivity problems. Pro to Foreign 15
  16. Nbtstat *.i.l-h VETbtt5 n.'.r•r. •.•ah.l.rr• r..•.r•. The Microsoft TCP/IP stacks included in Windows operating nbtstat utility, which is used to display NetBIOS information. 16
  17. Ipconfig, winipcfg, config, and ifconfig Ethernet adzptez Local unrea Su.EfL* Oef•vle gateway Information Adapter Intel 8255x-Baæd IP Address Subnet Mask roctli 64101
  18. Tracert, iptrace, and traceroute to 30 hops: .31 4 3.1 31 8 31 caw. 111. s. 161] 32 47 OE3-pw. nag—brat-el . qse•t out It is often useful to trace the route a packet takes on its journey from source computer to destination host. TCP/IP stacks include a route tracing utility that enables users to identify the routers through which the message passes. The options depend on the operating system: Tracert — Iptrace Traceroute 18
  19. Connecting to the Internet 19
  20. Synchronous and Asynchronous Serial lines Synchronous Transmission xyz abcdefgh i 1k 1m Asynchronous Transmission ah c de fghi 3k 1 rm Synchronous serial transmission — Data bits are sent together with a synchronizing clock pulse. Built- in timing mechanism coordinates the clocks of the sending and receiving devices. Asynchronous serial transmission — Data bits are sent without a synchronizing clock pulse. Uses a start bit at the beginning of each message. When the receiving device gets the start bit, it can synchronize its internal clock with the sender clock. 20
  21. Modem riser card AMR Sht PCI Slot Modem firmware AMR Controller ISA Slot Modems The modem is an electronic device that is used for computer communications through telephone lines. It allows data transfer between one computer and another. There are four main types of modems: — Expansion cards - PCMCIA — External modems — Built-in modems 21
  22. Dial-Up Networking, Modem Standards, AT Commands AT Command AT ATOP ATOT ATA ATHO ATZ ATF Funetion Attention ccde that prer;edes modern acton commands. Dial nurn&ær, using pulse dialing Dial the prone using tone dialing. Answer the phone immediately. Hang up phone imrnediately, Reset the n-odem ic its power up settings. Reset modem paranteters and E.etlings factory defaults Breek signal, change from data mcde to command mode. When computers use the public telephone system or network to communicate, it is called Dial-Up Networking (DUN). All modems require software to control the communication session. The set of commands that most modem software uses are known as the Hayes- compatible command set. The Hayes command set is based on a group of instructions that always begins with a set of attention characters (AT). 22
  23. ISPs and Internet Backbone Providers Services of an Internet Service Provider (ISP) are required to surf the Internet. An ISP is a company that connects computers to the Internet and World Wide Web. The actual connection to the Internet is tiered. The ISP may link to a larger regional ISP, which in turn might connect to one of a number of nationwide computer centers. 23
  24. ISPs and Internet Backbone Providers Super Computer Center National Partnership for an Advanced Compulalional Infrastructure {NPACI} National Center for Atntosp.herie Reæarch National Center for Supercomputiro Applications {NCSA) Pittsburgh Sopereomgoting Center Cornell The»ry Center National Location San California gerulder. Colorado Urbana, Illinois Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Ithaca, New York The current U.S. Internet infrastructure consists of a commercial backbone and a high-speed service known as the Very High-Speed Backbone Network Service (vBNS). The vBNS connects five supercomputer networks across the country: UUNET - a division of WorldCom — Cable & Wireless USA — Sprint - AT&T - BBN Planet 24
  25. ISPs and Internet Backbone Providers ional Provider NEARNET NYSERNet BARRNet CICnet SURAnet Westnel Region Covered t'"3rtheastem part of the United States California Central panof the United States Midwestern pert of the United States Southeastern part of the United States Western partct United States Network Access Point (NAP} Location Operating Compzny Washington, C New York San Francisco Chicag• World Cem Sprint Pæ;ffc dell Ameritech The ISP that cannot connect directly to the national backbone is charged a fee to connect to a regional provider that links to the national backbone through a Network Access Point (NAP). Not all the Internet traffic goes through NAPs. Some ISPs that are in the same geographic area make their own interconnections and peering agreements. 25
  26. Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) is an always-on technology. This means there is no need to dial up each time to connect to the Internet. DSL comes in several varieties: - Asymmetric DSL (ADSL) - High Data Rate DSL (HDSL) - Symmetric DSL (SDSL) - very High Data Rate DSL (VDSL) 26
  27. Cable Modems A cable modem acts like a LAN interface by connecting a computer to the Internet. The cable modem connects a computer to the cable company network through the same coaxial cabling that feeds cable TV (CATV) signals to a television set. 27
  28. Cable Modem versus DSL Internet Technologies Advantages of OSL DSL up to and exceeding of at a framion of the onst OSL service can be added incrementaty as fnore users Both vok:e data be transmitted at the same tiff'*, OSL is an alwzys-on iechnalcgy. This means users do not need diii up each lime they' wish to connect the Internet, • OSL is backward with anal'* phorus. Disadvantages of DSL The availability af OSL is presenty still limited, wit" gerqie.e tar rnrst 'Tavorg• or varieties only passible for areas fall wdhin a sg.æcf10d number of feet from the teleøf'ßtne company rentral office {CO) of the service provi&r, The test farm of voice is still being debated. • The telephone company c,antralcffbte {00) is servicing hr-alian must have OSL equipment ingta•ad. Advanteges of cable modems • Exis!ing TV Sygterns plenty of available Bandwidth Eolh and downstream traffic, Tv' infraslrtßture Wilh i-lfC has addressed many of existiræ service bottlererks. Disadventages of cable modems • Ptalrnost always requires an overhA'.ß Of the cable infrastructure, is expenswe lot smaller providers, aeing a shared rnedia the mote uærs that rr.rne on the network means available t:endwidth for users. When it comes to comparing cable modem and DSL Internet technologies, both have their pros and cons. 28
  29. CH: 5 ISDN Connection Telephone Workstation/ Personal computer PBX Alarm LAN Digital pipes to other subscribers Customer ISDN interface Subsriber loop with ISDN channel structure Packet- switchi networ0? Digital pipes to other networks and sevices ISDN central office Circuit- switchina network* Other networks Data bases Other services ISDN Another alternative to using analog telephones lines to establish a connection is ISDN. Speed is one advantage ISDN has over telephone line connections. , ISDN uses a pair of 64Kbps digital lines to connect, which provides a total of 128Kbps throughput. A telephone line connects at a maximum speed of 56Kbps, and in some areas, doesn't even 29 reach that.
  30. Satellite Satellite is an option for users in rural areas or with no other access to high speed Internet service. Satellite Internet does not require a phone line or cable. Two-way communication, for upload and download, is achieved with the use of a satellite dish. Download speed is up to 500 kbps while the upload speed is one-tenth of that of that. 30
  31. Connecting Networks Repeater: Bridge: Router: Gateway: physical layer data link layer network layer network layer and above. — Many workstations can operate as routers or gateways 31
  32. Repeater Copies bits from one network to another Does not look at any bits Allows the extension of a network beyond physical length limitations typically hardware devices. REPEATEP 32
  33. Bridge Copies frames from one network to another Can operate selectively - does not copy all frames (must look at data-link headers). Extends the network beyond physical length limitations. can be implemented in hardware or software BRIDGE 33
  34. Router Copies packets from one network to another. Makes decisions about what route a packet should take (looks at network headers). typically implemented in software so that they can be extended to handle new protocols ROUTER 34
  35. Gateway Operates as a router Data conversions above the network layer. Conversions: encapsulation - use an intermediate network - connect different application translation protocols encrpyption - could be done by a gateway typically implemented in software so that they can be extended to handle new protocols 35
  36. Encapsulation Example Gateway Gateway Provides service connectivity even though intermediate network does not support protocols. 36
  37. Translation Gateway Translate from green protocol to brown protocol 37
  38. Secure Encryption gateway Secure Encryption/Decryption Network Network Gateways Insecure Network 38
  39. Byte Ordering a Different computer architectures use different byte ordering to represent multibyte values. Little-Endian Addr A Addr A+l IBM DEC VAX Big-Endian Addr A Addr A+l IBM 370 Motorola 68000 39
  40. Byte Order and Networking Suppose a Big Endian machine sends a 16 bit integer with the value 2: 0000000000000010 A Little Endian machine will think it got the number 51 2: 0000001000000000 40
  41. Network Byte Order How do lower level layers communicate if they all represent values differently ? (data length fields in headers) A fixed byte order is used (called network byte order) for all control data. - TCP/IP : big-endian order 41
  42. Multiplexing .. to combine many into one". Many processes sharing a single network interface. A single process could use multiple protocols. More on this when we look at TCP/IP. 42
  43. Modes Of Service connection-oriented vs. connectionless sequencing error-control flow-control byte stream vs. message based 43 full-duplex vs. half-duplex.
  44. Connection-Oriented vs. Connectionless Service A connection-oriented service includes the establishment of a logical connection between 2 processes. — establish logical connection — transfer data — terminate connection. Connectionless services involve sending of independent messages. 44
  45. Sequencing Sequencing provides support for an order to communications. A service that includes sequencing requires that messages (or bytes) are received in the same order they are sent. 45
  46. Error Control Some services require error detection — it is important to know when a transmission error has occured. Error control sometimes involves notification and retransmission. Checksums provide a simple error detection mechanism. 46
  47. Flow Control Flow control prevents the sending process from overwhelming the receiving process. Flow control can be handled a variety of ways — this is one of the major research issues 47
  48. Byte Stream vs. Message Byte stream implies an ordered sequence of bytes with no message boundaries. Message oriented services provide communication service to chunks of data called datagrams. 48
  49. Full- vs. Half-Duplex Full-Duplex services support the transfer of data in both directions. Half-Duplex services support the transfer of data in a sinqle direction. 49
  50. End-to-End vs. Hop-to-Hop Many service modes/features such as flow control and error control can be done either: between endpoints of the communication -or- between every 2 nodes on the path between the endpoints 50
  51. End-to-End Process Process E 51
  52. Hop-by-Hop Process A Process B 52
  53. Buffering Buffering can provide more efficient communications. Buffering is most useful for byte stream services. 'rocess b Process E 53
  54. Addresses Each communication endpoint must have an address. Consider 2 processes communicating over an internet: — the network must be specified — the host (end-system) must be specified — the process must be specified. 54
  55. Addresses at Layers Physical Layer- no address necessary Data Link Layer- address must be able to select any host on the network. Network Layer- address must be able to provide information to enable routing. Transport Layer- address must identify 55 the destination process.
  56. Broadcasts Many networks support the notion of sending a message from one host to all other hosts on the network. A special address called the "broadcast address" is often used. Services based on broadcasting — Address Resolution Protocol — Routing Information Protocol 56
  57. Multicast Goal is to efficiently send a message from one host to a group of hosts. Information is sent over spanning trees. A special "multicast address" is often used. Services based on multicasting — Streaming Media — Internet Television 57
  58. List of Well-Known Ports TCP Port Service Multiplexer (TCPMUX) 1 5 Remote Job Entry (RJE)7ECHO 18 Message Send Protocol (MSP) 20 FTP -- Data 21 FTP - Control 22 SSH Remote Login Protocol 23TeInet Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) 25 29 MSG ICP37Time 42 Host Name Server (Nameserv) 43 Whols 49 Login Host Protocol (Login) Domain Name System (DNS) 53 69TriviaI File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) Gopher Services 70 Finqer 79 80HTTP 103 x.400 Standard 108 SNA Gateway Access Server 109 POP 2 110 POP3 115 Simple File Transfer Protocol (SFTP) 118 SQL Services 58
  59. 119 Newsgroup ( NNTP 137 NetBIOS Name Service 139 NetBIOS Datagram Service 143 Interim Mail Access Protocol (IMAP) 150 NetBIOS Session Service SQL Server 156 161 SNMP Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) 179 190 Gateway Access Control Protocol (GACP) 194 Internet Relay Chat (IRC) 197 Directory Location Service (DLS) 389Liqhtweiqht Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) 396 Novell Netware over IP HTTPS 443 444 Simple Network Paging Protocol (SNPP) 445 Microsoft-DS QuickTime 458 Apple 546 DHCP Client 547 DHCP Server 563 SNEWS 569 MSN 59 1080 Socks

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