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Cell It's Structure And Functions

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Published in: Biology
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Content 1. Introduction 2.History 3.Cell basic structure and functions. 4.Types of cell organelles. 5.Types of cell 6. Difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell 7.Animal and plant cell 8. Difference between plant and animal cell.

Priya T / Noida

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Qualification: M.Sc IN FORENSIC SCIENCE , B.Sc IN BIOTECHNOLOGY

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  1. Cells Structure and functions Priya tamang
  2. What is cell? The cell is a structural and functional unit of all the living organisms, and it is also known as building blocks ot life. The human body is composed of trillions of cells,with their own specialised functions. The term cell was first coined by robert hook in 1965, The cell is made up of water about two third of a cell, and rest is a mixture of molecules(protein, lipids, carbohydrates). Cells covert the raw materials in the food into the molecules our body needs, using thousands of different metabolic reactions.
  3. Levels of Organization in Living Organisms -Atoms (smallest unit of matter both living and non-living) -Molecules (building blocks of matter composed of two or more atoms ) -Organelles (parts of a cell that carry out a particular function or role and are made of molecules) -Cell (is the smallest unit of life and the building block of all living organisms) -Tissues (tissues are formed when cells combine to carry out a task. Muscles used to move your eyes are tissues) -Organs (when two or more tissues combine and work together. Examples are the heart or stomach organs) -Systems (Organs work together in systems, such as stomach, liver, and pancreas that work together in our digestive system) -Organisms (Human beings are organisms that are composed of many systems)
  4. fissues cells work together in tissues work together in organs work together in organ systems work together in organisms Atoms Cens Organgn O'€an S',estetti
  5. 1595 1655 1674 1833 1838 1840 cells. 1856 1858 History Jansen credited with 1st compound microscope. Hooke described 'cells' in cork. Leeuwenhoek discovered protozoa. He saw bacteria some 9 years later. Brown descibed the cell nucleus in cells of the orchid. Schleiden and Schwann proposed cell theory. Albrecht von Roelliker realized that sperm cells and egg cells are also N. Pringsheim observed how a sperm cell penetrated an egg cell. Rudolf Virchow (physician, pathologist and anthropologist) expounds his famous conclusion: omnis cellula e cellula, that is cells develop only from existing cells [cells come from preexisting cells] 1857 1879 1883 1898 Kolliker described mitochondria. Flemming described chromosome behavior during mitosis. Germ cells are haploid, chromosome theory of heredity. Golgi described the golgi apparatus.
  6. 1938 — Behrens used differential centrifugation to separate nuclei from cytoplasm. 1939 — Siemens produced the first commercial transmission electron microscope. 1952 — Gey and coworkers established a continuous human cell line. 1955 — Eagle systematically defined the nutritional needs of animal cells in culture. 1957 — Meselson, Stahl and Vinograd developed density gradient centrifugation in cesium chloride solutions for separating nucleic acids. 1965 — Ham introduced a defined serum-free medium. Cambridge Instruments produced the first commercial scanning electron microscope. 1976 — Sato and colleagues publish papers showing that different cell lines require different mixtures of hormones and growth factors in serum-tree media. 1981 — Transgenic mice and fruit flies are produced. Mouse embryonic stem cell line established. 1995 — Tsien identifies mutant of GFP with enhanced spectral properties 1998 — Mice are cloned from somatic cells. 1999 — Hamilton and Baulcombe discover siRNA as part of post- transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) in plants
  7. Cell theory The cell theory describes the basic properties of all cells. The three scientists that contributed to the development of cell theory are Matthias Schleiden, Theodor Schwann, and Rudolf Virchow, The cell theory states that:- All living things are composed of one or more cells. The cell is the basic unit of life. All new cells arise from existing cells.
  8. Modern Cell Theory All known living things are made up of cells. The cell is structural & functional unit of all living things. All cells come from pre-existing cells by division. (Spontaneous Generation does not occur). Cells contains hereditary information which is passed from cell to cell during cell division. All cells are basically the same in chemical composition. All energy flow (metabolism & biochemistry) of life occurs within cells.
  9. BASIC Cell Structure Cilia -..................................................................................................................................+ Lysoso me Centrioles Microtubules ---...............-....> Golgi apparatus Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Mitochondrion Rough endoplasmic reticulum Cell membrane Cytoplasm Nucleolus Chromatin ' Ribosomes Nuclear membrane
  10. CELL ORGANELLES Cilia & Flagella: Used for locomotion; rotates around in a whip-like fashion. Made of microtubules. Cilia and Flagella Structure s mublet Cilia — smaller, more Radial Spoke Central Mbcrotubube numerous, and can move fluids around stationary cells Membrane — Flagella — larger, less abundant Figure 1 Basal BBdy (Kinetosome)
  11. Contain all the genetic information to produce new cells and controls all the chemical processes that take place in the cell, NUCLEUS Outer membrane Inner membrane Nucleoplasm Nucleolus Chromatin Nuclear envelope Pore in nuclear envelope 04
  12. Cutoplasnt 5 cytoskeleton Cytoplasm is a " thick fluid that is surrounded of the cell. The cytoplasm contains a mixture of water and salt that is dissolved, ions ,and the organic molecules. Cytoskeleton was discovered by a new improved technoloay of the microscope. What scientist found are fiber in the cell. (a) Microtdrnont htnrmedgte (c) Microtubule
  13. MITOCHONDRIA Outer Membrane (Outer Lfitochonörial Membrane) Inner Membrane (Inner Ivmochondrial h/ernbrme = Innermttochondrial Merrbrane) Intermembrane Space Ribosome Cristae Ribosome Inner Boundary Membrane IParVSectBn of me Inner IWItcchonÜial Membrane) Cristal Membrane ( ParVSection of tie Inner Ibifitcchondrial Membrane) Cristae Ribosome Intermembrane Space Consisting of'. Peripheral space Intracristal space Matrix of the Mitochondrion Matrix Granule Respiration takes place, glucose and oxygen are changed into energy. Mitochondrial DNA Stalked Particles (Also present al around U'äs crista and on me other cristae only a few exarnples shown twe) Diagram ofa Mitochondrion: Copyright lwRose Ltd., 2012.
  14. Cell membrane A lipid/protein/carbohydrate complex, providing a barrier and containing transport and signaling systems. chan eel' L,pE4ø side
  15. Nucleolus a nor. vote r or tne I ue eo Us: e onl!l parGo ale-acer. nucleolus Looks tike a dark spot N '-clec*ue This organelle's job is to control movement. reproduction. and is the storehouse of genetic information. touted in the middle of aa the cgüplasm. which is maid that fills This organelle is associated with the Barna disease virus (BDV). Studies have linked BUV to mental illnesses such as bipolar disorder. anxiety disorder. etc. Theu also plau a role in aging. This is not as important as the Golgi Body's function because if it weren't for the Golgi apparatus some organelles won•t ekist or function which makes the nucleolus powerless
  16. GOLGI APPARATUS Figure 4.12 Smooth Transport vesicle from to Golgi Nucleus Golgi apparatus Lysosome Vacuole Nuclear membrane Rough ER Transport vesicle from Golgi to plasma membrane Plasma membrane
  17. Endoplasmic Reticulum Structure Rough 1. bound ribosomes are attached to RER 2. synthesize proteins 1. synthesize lipids and steroids 2. metabolize carbohydrates and steroids 3. regulate calcium concentration, drug detoxification, and attachment of receptors on cell membrane proteins Smoot) asternae tet»cwn
  18. Centrioles • Small barrel-shaped organelles located in the centrosome near the nucleus • Pinwheel array of nine triplets of microtubules Organize mitotic spindle during mitosis • Form the bases of cilia and flagella Centrosome matrix Centrioles Microtubules (a) (b) Figure 3.24 Copyright e 2003 PearsonEducation, Inc. publishing as Benj amin Cummings
  19. Lysosomes—lntracellular Organelles These membrane-bound structures contain numerous hydrolytic enzymes responsible for degrading a variety' of cellular components, including poly—ccharides, polypeptides, lipid-linked glycosyl groups. and darnaged organelles. Complex material is broken down Complex is excreted or can be reused Lysosome containing complex material Nucleus
  20. Cytoskeleton (microtubules and microfilaments ) 371101 plasma membrane microfilaments mitochondrion intermediate filaments endoplasmic reticulum microtubule vesicle Structure - A network of long protein strands located in the cytosol Function(s) - Provides internal shape and support to cells (microfilaments and microtubules) Found In - Animal and Plant Cells
  21. Type of cells About 4.6 billion years ago, Earth was formed. In the earth's history, there was a very hostile and volcanic environment and is difficult to imagine any life being viable in those types of conditions. It wasn't until the end of the Precambrian Era of the Geologic Time Scale when life began to form. Several theories, about how life first came to be on Earth. These theories include the formation of organic molecules within what is known as the"Primordial Soup", life coming to Earth on asteroids (Panspermia Theory), or the first primitive cells forming in hydrothermal vents.
  22. Prokaryotic Cells The simplest type of cells were most likely the first type of cells that formed on Earth. These are called prokaryotic cells. They have a cell membrane surrounding the cell, cytoplasm where all of the metabolic processes happen, ribosomes that make proteins, and a circular DNA molecule called a nucleoid where the genetic information is held. They have a rigid cell wall that is used for protection. All are unicellular, meaning the entire organism is only one cell. All are asexual, meaning they do not need a partner to reproduce. Most reproduce through a process called binary fission where basically the cell just sphts in half after copying its DNA. This means that without mutations within the DNA, offspring are identical to their parent. Archaea and Bacteria are prokaryotic organisms.
  23. Cytoplasm Capsule Cell Wall Cytoplasmic Membrane Ribosomes Pili prokaryotic cell (bacteria) Flagella microtubules mitochondrion centriole / vesicle cytosol rough endoplasmic chromatin nuclear envelope nucleus nuclear porc nucleolus Golgi complex lysosome flagellum plasma membrane smooth endoplasmic reticulum reticulum ribosomes eukaryotic cell (protists, fungi, animals, plants)
  24. Eukaryotic Cells The other, much more complex, type of cell is called the eukaryotic cell. Like prokaryotic cells, they have cell membranes, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and DNA. There are many more organelles within eukaryotic cells which include a nucleus to house the DNA, a nucleolus where ribosomes are made, rough endoplasmic reticulum for protein assembly, smooth endoplasmic reticulum for making lipids, Golgi apparatus for sorting and exporting proteins, mitochondria for creating energy, a cytoskeleton for structure and transporting information, and vesicles to move proteins around the cell. Some eukaryotic cells also have lysosomes or peroxisomes to digest waste, vacuoles for storing water or other things, chloroplasts for photosynthesis, and centrioles for splitting the cell during mitosis. Cell walls can also be found surrounding some types of eukarotyic cells.
  25. Most are multi-cellular. This allows the eukaryotic cells within the organism to become specialized. Through a process called differentiation, these cells take on characteristics and jobs that can work with other types of cells to create an entire organism. There are a few unicellular eukaryotes as well. These sometimes have tiny hair-like projections called cilia to brush away debris and may also have a long thread-like tail called a flagellum for locomotion. The third taxonomic domain is called the Eukarya Domain. This domain includes all animals, plants, protists, and fungi. Eukaryotes may use either asexual or sexual reproduction depending on the organism's complexity. Sexual reproduction allows more diversity in offspring by mixing the genes of the parents to form a new combination and hopefully a more favorable adaptation for the environment.
  26. Difference between Prokaryotic cell and Eukaryotic cell DNA Internal Structures Ribosomes Reproduction Average Size Prokaryotes DNA is naked (no histones) DNA is circular Genes do not contain introns DNA found in cytoplasm (nucleoid) No membrane-bound organelles Have 70S ribosomes Asexual (binary fission) DNA is singular (haploid) Smaller (-1-5 gm) Eukaryotes DNA associated with histones DNA is linear Genes may contain introns DNA found in nucleus Have membrane-bound organelles Have 80S ribosomes Asexual (mitosis) or sexual (meiosis) DNA is usually paired (diploid or more) Larger (-10 - 100 um)
  27. Plant cell Animal Cell Golgi vesicles ribosome smooth ER (no ribosomes) nucleolus nucleus rough ER (endoplasmic reticulum) large central vacuole amyloplast (starch grain) @E.M, Armstrong 2001 cell wall cell membrane Golgi apparatus chloroplast vacuole membrane raphide crystal druse crystal —mitochondrion cytoplasm pinocytotic vesicle lysosome Golgi vesicles rough ER (endoplasmic reticulum) smooth ER (no ribosomes) cell (plasma) membrane @E.M. Armstrong 2001 mitochondrion Golgi apparatus nucleolus nucleus centrioles (2) Each composed of 9 microtubule triplets. microtubules cytoplasm ribosome
  28. erence animal cell Feature orop ast N eran sizeo vacuoles ative size Differences in structure P ant c Anim c Ce osece w present Ce w a sent Presentm argenum ersm a sent the thin cytoplasm lining One argepennanent vacuole Large Differences in function Feature S ape ityto m Turgi •ty oo P ant c Regu are ongate cylindrical shape lila es elrown oo trapping sunlight in a process Imown as photosymthesis Can ecome turg y Numerous sm temporary vacuoles Sm Anim c Irregu ars ape Cannotm e elrown food Cannot ecome turgi
  29. Animal vs. Plant Cells Anijnai • Lysosomes Many small vacuoles Nucleus is usuattv in the center Both • Plant One Large Central Vacuole • is usu$-}y pushed to the side rectangular-Bh ()trecttons: Compare anfrr,zl and ptant ceils based cn shape. etc.

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