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Presentation On Bronchitis

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Published in: Biology | Science
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BRONCHITIS is inflammation or we can say swelling of bronchial tubes. What is bronchial tubes are? Bronchial tubes or bronchi are air passage between mouth and nose and lungs. Now, let's see how these get affected? ... how they get inflammated?

Tanu / Delhi

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Qualification: 12th (KV. - 2015)

Teaches: Biology, Chemistry, EVS, Physics, Science

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  1. BRONCHITIS Presented by : Tanuja
  2. WHAT IS BRONCHITIS? Bronchitis is an inflammation or swelling of bronchial tubes (bronchi), air passage between the mouth and nose and lungs More specifically, bronchitis describes a condition where lining of bronchial tube become inflammed,
  3. Normal Bronchi Bronchitis
  4. Bronchitis Acute Chronic
  5. ACUTE BRONCHITIS
  6. Commonly follows a cold or viral infection, such as the flu. Usually lasts a few days or weeks. Also known as a chest cold. It is contagious Bronchitis is actually part of the immune response to fighting against the infection, since additional swelling occurs in the bronchial tubes as the immune system's actions generate mucus. O
  7. ETIOLOGY OF ACUTE BRONCHITIS , typically those that also cause colds and flu. ( Normally caused by viruses Rhinovirus,Adenovirus, influenza virus) Can also be caused by bacterial infection (Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydophila pneumoniae Exposure to substances that irritate the lungs, such as tobacco smoke, dust, fumes, vapors, and air pollution.
  8. SYMPTOMS Chest discomfort Cough that produces mucus Fatigue Fever -- USUaIIy low-grade Shortness of breath that gets worse with activity Wheezing, in people with asthma of
  9. Mucus Accumulation Inflamed primary and secondary bronchi Air tubes narrow as result of swollen tissue
  10. DIAGNOSIS Tests may include: Chest x-ray, if pneumonia is suspected. Pulse oximetry, a painless test that helps determine the amount of oxygen in your blood by using a device placed on the end of your finger
  11. SlIlHONOH€ ?'??????
  12. Chronic bronchitis is a serious, ongoing illness characterized by a persistent, mucus-producing cough that lasts longer than 3 months out of the year for more than 2 years, People with chronic bronchitis have varying degrees of breathing difficulties, and symptoms may get better and worse during different parts of the year If chronic bronchitis occurs with emphysema, it may become chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It is non contagious EMPHYSEMA CHRONIC BRONCHITIS COPD
  13. ETIOLOGY OF CHRONIC BRONCHITIS Repeated irritation and damage to the lung and airway tissue. Smoking is the most common causes of chronic bronchitis Long-term exposure to air pollution, dust and fumes from the environment And repeated episodes of acute bronchitis Underlying disease processes such as asthma and cystic fibrosis. GERD
  14. Chronic Bronchitis is cause most often by air borne pollutants. Inflamed primary and secondary bronchi
  15. Gobiet cell Normal bronchial Epithelium Mucus blætket Gel layet Sol layet [email protected] cell 00 Mucosa Submucosa AWentitia Ciliated pseudostratdied columnar epdheUa Basement Lan-ma propna Brmchial Smooth rnuscie Carnage Connective tissue 000
  16. Recurrent irritation of cilia of goblet cells Damage to cilia Hyperplasia & Hypertrophy of mucus glands Excessive mucus collection Airwav Lumen Muc s Bilaver Ciliated Cell Goblet Cell MCVs Club Cell 00 Basement Membrane Basal Cell Submucosal Gland Mucus Overproduction Goblet Cell Hyperplasia ero e o- Basement Membrane Thickening Submucosal Gland Hypertrophy
  17. Bronchioconstriction Mucus hyper secretion (leads to productive cough ) Airway Obstruction (leads to Wheezing) Alveolar Hypoxia No eosinophils in contrast to asthma Dec. 02 Inc. C02 Respiratory acidosis Polycythemia Lung Bronchial tube Blocked airway BLUE BLOATER (bluish discoloration of skin) CYNOSIS
  18. Cigarette smoke plus host factors Activated macrophage Antioxidants 0 Chemoattractants (leukotriene B4, IL-8) Activated neutrophil Oxidants X and free radicals Epithelial cell and matrix injury Increased mucus H 202 Antiproteases x Proteases (cathepsins, matrix metallo- proteinases, cathepsin G, neutrophil elastase) Emphysema COPD The pathology of chronic bronchitis includes an inflammatory mononuclear cell infiltrate in the airway wall and a neutrophil influx into the airway lumen. Bronchial epithelial cells synthesize interleukin (IL-8), a potent chemoattractant and activator of neutrophils and lymphocytes. Adhesion of infiltrating leukocytes to resident parenchymal cells in the bronchi and to extracellular matrix also is crucial for the development of airway inflammation. The resultant inflammation likely plays a direct role in the clinical features of the disorder. This photomicrograph shows a bronchus with increased numbers of chronic inflammatory cells in the submucosa Chronic bronchitis -..............> Stimulates -.....-+ Inhibits Source: Michael A. Grippi, Jack A. Elias, Jay A. Fishman, Robert M. Kotloff, Allan I. Pack, Robert M. Senior, Mark D. Siegel: Fishman s Pulmonary Dtseases and Disor±rs: www.accessrnedicine.com
  19. SYMPTOMS Chronic bronchitis fills airways with thick mucus. The small hairs that normally move phelgm out of lungs are damaged. That makes pateint cough. As the disease goes on, it's harder to breathe. Other signs of chronic bronchitis may include: Cough, often with mucus Wheezing (whistling sound produced when airway are partially obstructed) Tight chest Shortness of breath Feeling tired Symptoms may be worst in the winter, when humidity and temperatures drops
  20. Sore throat Nasal congestion Peripheral oedema Decreased alveolar ventilation (due to mucus plug) When exerbation of chronic bronchitis occurs . Severe coughing with chest pain Cyanosis increased shortness of breath productive cough changes in mucus pleuritic chest pai
  21. DIAGNOSIS Chest X-rays Sputum (mucus coughned up from lungs to be tested on analysing presence of bacteria. Pulmonary function test (using spirometer) CT scan (high resolution of X-ray from various angles of body)
  22. Translucent (dark) lung fields Depressed or flattened diaphragms Long and narrow heart Enlarged heart Bronchial wall thickening is seen x-Ray
  23. Normal Obstruction Restriction Q) o Volume (L) Pulmonary function test
  24. EOSINOPHILIC BRONCHITIS Eosinophilic bronchitis is a chronic dry cough, defined by the presence of an increased number of a type of white blood cell known as eosinophils. Due to excessive mast cell recruitment and activation in the superficial airways as opposed to the smooth muscles of the airways It has a normal finding on X-ray and has no airflow limitation. PROTRACTED BACTERIAL BRONCHITIS Defined as a chronic productive cough with a positive bronchoalveolar lavage that resolves with antibiotics Usually caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, non-typable Haemophi/us influenzae, or Moraxella catarrhalis
  25. PREVENTION IS ALWAYS BETTER THAN CURE Although it is not always possible to prevent acute or chronic bronchitis, there are several things that can reduce the risk: Do not start smoking; quit smoking if you already smoke. Avoid lung irritants such as smoke, dust, fumes, vapors, and air pollution. If avoiding exposure is not possible, wear a mask that covers the nose and mouth. Get a yearly flu vaccine.
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