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MICROBES IN HUMAN WELFARE CLASS XIIth BIOLOGY

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MICROBES IN HUMAN WELFARE 1. Micro organism in house hold products 2. Micro organism in industrial products 3. Micro organism in Sewage treatment 4. Micro organism in biogas production

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  1. MICROB CL S 1: IOLOGY Ranjana Bharti
  2. cc c MICROORGANISM ' A microorganism or microbe is an organism which is too small to be seen by the unaided human eye. They are microscopic. ' The study of microorganisms is called Microbiology. ' Microorganisms present everywhere, e.g. geysers (thermal vents), under snow, deep in soil etc. Microbes are diverse: protozoa, bacteria, fungi and microscopic plant viruses, viroids and also prions (proteinaceous infectious agents). Microbes cause a large number of diseases in human beings, animals and plants. But all microbes are not harmful; several microbes are useful to human beings in diverse ways. c
  3. MICROORGANISM IN HOUSE HOLD PRODUCTS Micro-organisms such as Lactobacillus (lactic acid bacteria) grow in milk --- convert it to curd --- increasing vitamin B12. The dough --- dosa and idli --- fermented by bacteria. The puffed-up appearance --- due to the production of Carbon diaoxide gas. Dough---bread---fermented using baker's yeast; Saccharomyces cerevisiae (image below)
  4. MICROORGANISM IN HOUSE HOLD PRODUCTS Traditional drinks and foods are also made by fermentation by the microbes e.g. 'Toddy' (fermenting sap from palms). Cheese: 'Swiss cheese'---large holes--- large amount of carbon dioxide by a bacterium named Propionibacterium sharmanii (image below). The 'Roquefort cheese' are ripened by growing a specific fungi on them, which gives them a particular flavour.
  5. MICROORGANISM INDUSTRIES PRODUCTS ' Even in industry, microbes are used to synthesise a number of products valuable to human beings : Beverages and antibiotics. Fermented Beverages ' Beverages like wine, beer, whisky, brandy or rum --- Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermenting malted cereals and fruit juices --- produce ethanol. ' Wine and beer (without distillation) ' whereas whisky, brandy and rum (distillation of the fermented broth). F46
  6. MICROORGANISM INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS Antibiotics (Against Life) ' Antibiotics are chemical substances, which are produced by some microbes and can kill or retard the growth of other (disease-causing) microbes. ' Penicillin produced by Alexander Fleming from Penicillium notatum while working with staphylococci - - Earnest chain and Howard Plorey awarded Nobel Prize in 1945 for establishing Penicillin as an effective antibiotic. ' Antibiotics -- treat deadly diseases --- such as plague, whooping cough, diphtheria and leprosy etc.
  7. MICROORGANISM INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS Chemicals, Enzymes and other Bioactive Molecules Microbes are also used for commercial and industrial production of certain chemicals like organic acids, alcohols and enzymes. ' Aspergillus niger (a fungus) - citric acid, ' Acetobacter aceti (a bacterium) - acetic acid; ' Clostridium butylicum (a bacterium) - butyric acid ' Lactobacillus (a bacterium) - lactic acid. ' Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)- ethanol ' Lipases -in detergent formulations -- helpful in removing oily stains from the laundry. ' Pectinases and proteases used to clarify juices. ' Streptokinase (Streptococcus) -- used as a 'clot buster' for removing clots from the blood vessels of patients-- heart attack. ' Statins produced by the yeast Monascus purpureus have been commercialised as blood- cholesterol lowering agents.
  8. MICROORGANISM IN SEWAGE TREATMENT ' Municipal waste-water is also called sewage (contains waste water, human excreta). ' It contains large amounts of organic matter and microbes, many of which are pathogenic. ' This cannot be discharged into natural water bodies like rivers and streams directly. ' Before disposal, sewage is treated in sewage treatment plants (STPs) to make it less polluting. This treatment is carried out in two stages: Primary treatment : ' Physical Removal of Particles - large and small - from the sewage through filtration and sedimentation. ' Stages -- floating debris is removed by sequential filtration. ' Then the grit (soil and small pebbles) are removed by sedimentation. All solids that settle form the primary sludge, and the supernatant forms the effluent. ' The effluent from the primary settling tank is taken for secondary treatment.
  9. MICROORGANISM IN SEWAGE TREATMENT Secondary treatment or Biological treatment ' The primary effluent is passed into large aeration tanks ' constantly agitated mechanically and air is pumped into it. ' This allows vigorous growth of useful aerobic microbes into flocs ' microbes consume the major part of the organic matter in the effluent. ' This significantly reduces the BOD (biochemical oxygen demand) of the effluent. BOD refers to the amount of the oxygen that would be consumed if all the organic matter in one liter of water were oxidised by bacteria. ' The sewage water is treated till the BOD is reduced. ' The greater the BOD of waste water, more is its polluting potential. ' Effluent is then passed into a settling tank where the bacterial 'flocs' are allowed to sediment (activated sludge). ' A small part of the activated sludge is pumped back into the Aeration Tank to serve as the inoculum.
  10. Secondary Aeration tank Settling tank Bar screen Raw sewage from sewers Primary chamber Sludge Settling tank Chlorine disinfection tank To river, lake, or ocean (kills bacteria) Sludge digester—CO Activated sludge Air pump Sludge drying bed Disposed of in landfill or ocean or applied to cropland, pasture, or rangeland
  11. MICROORGANISM IN SEWAGE TREATMENT ' The remaining major part of the sludge is pumped into large tanks called anaerobic sludge digesters. ' Bacteria, which grow anaerobically, digest the bacteria and the fungi in the sludge. ' During this digestion, bacteria produce a mixture of gases such as methane, hydrogen sulphide and carbon dioxide. ' These gases form biogas and can be used as source of energy as it is inflammable. ' The effluent from the secondary treatment plant is generally released into natural water bodies like rivers and streams.
  12. MICROORGANISM IN BIOGAS PRODUCTION ' Biogas is a mixture of gases (containing predominantly methane) produced by the microbial activity and which may be used as fuel. ' The biogas plant consists of a concrete tank (10-15 feet deep) in which bio-wastes are collected and a slurry of dung is fed. ' The biogas plant has an outlet, which is connected to a pipe to supply biogas to nearby houses. ' The spent slurry is removed through another outlet and may be used as fertiliser. ' The biogas thus produced is used for cooking and lighting. ' The technology of biogas production was developed in India mainly due to the efforts of Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI) and Khadi and Village Industries Commission (K VIC).
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