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Environmental Issues : India

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Published in: Political Science
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Major Environmental Issues : India-keywords,reasons of this type of issues and case studies

Roshan R / Hyderabad

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Qualification: B.A (University of Hyderabad - 2017)

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  1. ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES : INDIA
  2. Keywords • Deforestation Loss of Biodiversity • Global Warming Pollution Politics
  3. Highest Deforestation Highest deforestation of natural forests. 2000-2005. All countries. Hectares per year 4,000,000 Brazil 2500,ooo zooo,ooo 500,000 donesia Russian Papua Fed. Mexico New Guinea Peru United States Bolivia Sudan Nigeria
  4. Contribution to World Deforestation 1990-2000 South America Africa Oceania & Australia 4% North & Central Asia America 4% 6%
  5. Deforestation -- Causes • In 2009/ India ranked 10th worldwide in the amount of forest loss Deforestation started with the growth of agriculture, but was exacerbated in the nineteenth century when British commercial forestry operations destroyed Indian forests mainly in western and southern areas Causes of deforestation -- colonization, agricultural expansion, firewood collection, commercial forestry, shifting cultivation, development, mining, overgrazing
  6. Deforestation Consequences • Effects -- Deforestation has affected the lives of wild animals and birds; soil erosion; climate change; women's livelihoods; water recharge and loss; loss of biodiversity • Deforestation is reducing rainfall in India: Il T -Bombay study Reducing Food production Flooding; Landslides Loss of Livelihoods for Forest Dwellers
  7. India : Major States with Forests Forest Cover In India Forest Cover (As % Of State Area) Forest Cover (As % Of India's Forests) sss.30 so 60 20 Mizoram S4S60 weep I glands so.so•o Asunachai Pradesh -s.2i% Nagaland L ono s.oo 6.00 0.00 Sladhva Pradesh 9.SS% Asunach al Prade.. Chhatti8 Maharas gath htta Odisha
  8. India's forest cover PUNJAB 1764 (100) CHANDIGARH 17 (0) HARYANA 1608 (14) RAJASTHAN 16087 (51) GUJRAT 14619 (-1) DADRA & NAGAR HAVEU 211 (0) DAMAN & DIU MAHARASHTRA 50646 GOA 2219 (7) KARNATAKA 36194 (4) KERALA 17300 (.24) LAKSHADWEEP 27.(1) Source: State of Forest Rep>tt-20,' JAMMU & KASHMIR 22539 (2) HIMACHAL PRADESH 14679 (11) UTTARAKHAND 24496 (1) TTAR PRADESH 14338 LEGENDS Very dense forest Mod. dense forest Open forest Scrub C) Non-forest Numbers represent current forest cover in km? Bracket represent change in forest cover from 2009 tn km: 1. SIKKIM 3359 (0) DELHI 176 (0) JHARKHAND 22977 (83) BIHAR 6845 (41) t. TRIPURA . 7917 . WEST BENGAL 12995 (1) MADHYA PRADESH 77700 (0) CHHATTISGARH 55674 ODISHA 48903 (48) ARUNACHAL PRADESH 67410 (.74) ASSAM 27673 (.19) MEGHALAYA 17275 (.46) NAGALAND 13318 (-146) MANIPUR 17090 (-190) 19117 (-66) ANDHRA PRADESH 46389 (-281) PUDUCHERRY TAMIL NADU 23625 (74) NICOBAR 6714 (62)
  9. AREAL EXTENT OF FOREST COVER IN INDIA 1930 1975 1985 1995 2005 2013 Area (km2 ) % of total geographical area 869,012 653,220 638,460 630,795 627,233 625,565 26.4 19.9 19.4 19.2 19.1 19.0
  10. Forest Land Diverted For Industrial Projects 40 30 20 10 O Most Land Diverted 44.55% 989% Punjab Haryana Gujarat Arunach Andhra al Prad.. Pradesh Least Land Diverted 025% 075 0900/0 0.15 0.10 Jammu Meghal Daman Manipur Tamil aya & Diu Nadu Kashmir NOTE: Nagaland, Pliducheny, have not divertedforest land. Datafor relangana is not available.
  11. SOME PLUSES, SOME MINUSES Though many states show a declire in forest cotter during 2005-07, India as a country has managed an increasing trend of forests since 1997, 640 THE GAINERS Forest in km 328 172 116 100 40 24 Mlzoram Manipur Jharktmd Meghaldya Kerala Others' *Rajastha-v Tamil Nadu and West Bergal (eacrj THE Nagaland Andhra Arunachal Tr!pura Assam Chhattisgarh Madhya Pradesh Pradesh Pradsh -129 -119 -201 Surce State of Forest Report 2CO
  12. Afforestation •Afforestation is the establishment of a forest or stand of trees in an area where there was no previous tree cover
  13. Loss of Biodiversity • Loss of Genetiq species and ecosystem biodiversity Traditional seeds lost • Traditional knowledge loss Seed Banks
  14. Global Warming/ Climate Change • Weather changes Rainfall reduction • Droughts Melting of Ice caps and Glaciers Changes in agriculture
  15. Pollution LEVY ON CONSUMPTION Water cess is levied on the quantity of water consumed by industries and local authorities It is utilized to execute pollution abatement programmes Industries consuming less than 10 kilolitres of water per day are exempted from the cess This exemption is, however, not meant for industries generating hazardous waste Uttar Pradesh, united Andhra Pradesh (AP+Telangana), Maharashtra, Gujarat and Punjab are among the top five states in terms of collecting water cess from industries and local authorities These five states collectively contribute more than 6096 of the total water cess collected in the country 2011-12 WATER in 2012-13 2013-14 COLLECTION 220.18 226.19 261.73
  16. of India's Ground- waler WelsAra Dgoreasinq More than 100 MILLION People Live in Areas of Poor Water Quality Groundwater Oual\ty 1b'untE of 31S-snrdzd bruches} No gooc:hes t Brach 8ræchgs • NoDa1a WORLD RESOURCES INSTITUTE
  17. POLLUTED RIVER STRETCHES IN 2015 COMPARISON BETWEEN GANGA AND NON-GANGA BASIN STATES NO. OF POLLUTED RIVER STRETCHES GANGA BASIN 48 (Uttarakhand, UP, Bi har, Jharkhand and West Bengal) OTHER RIVER BASIN 254 MUNICIPAL SEVVAGE GENERATION, TREATMENT CAPACITY AND GAP GANGA BASIN J Five - Uttarakhand, UP, Bihar, Jharkhand & West Bengal NUMBER OF TOWNS\CITIES 532 118 Generate sewage 7,301MLD a 3,314 MLD Gap 3,987 MLD OTHER RIVER BASIN Generate sewage Capacity to treat sewage Untreated sewage Total available capacity to treat sewage in these five states (It means 3,987 MLD of untreated sewage discharged which pollutes the river as well as groundwater 49,699 MLD 32,655 MLD TOTAL NO. OF POLLUTED RIVER STRETCHES IN THE COUNTRY Number of 'polluted river stretches' increased from 150 in 2009 to 302 in 2015 State-wise polluted river stretches —2009 u 2015 28 Maharashtra 19 Gujarat 20 12 13 Karnataka 715 MP 21 49 (Source: CPCB reports of Dec 2009 & Feb 2015) (CPCB monitors 445 rivers in 29 States and 6 Un ion Territories in the country) (The 302 polluted river str«ches found in 275 rivers in 2015)
  18. DEGRADED LAND IN INDIA. 130 million hectares of land is degraded in India. 56% of it is water eroded area. 28% of it is forest degraded area. 6% of it is saline and alkaline deposits. 10% of it is wind eroded area.
  19. NO 0 D ? 0
  20. 0 1
  21. Environmental Conflicts • Environment vs Development — Shining Gujarat; Amravati/ Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Vedanta & Dongria Khonds Rural vs Urban Rich vs Poor Developed vs Undeveloped Regions Traditional vs Modern
  22. Gujarat Pollution • The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) has declared Gujarat as the most polluted State in the country in 2010 based on the increasing levels of pollution and toxic wastes - 29% of hazardous wastes from Gujarat There are six toxic waste sites in Vapi/ two in Ankleshwar, one in Vadodara and one in Valadgaon There are seven states in the country, which account for 80% of the total hazardous wastes and among these Gujarat tops the list followed by Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh/ Rajasthan, Tamil NadU/ West Bengal
  23. enéve Gujarat: comprehensive pollution presence brown environmental issues •Bajwa slush contained cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, manganese, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, silica, sulfate, total phosphate, fluoride, and radioactive substances •Effluent loads from the Vapi Industrial Estate with pharmaceuticals, pulp and paper, pesticides, agrochemicals, and dye industries •Toxic chromium-rich sludge to fill up low-lying ditches Vadodara •Sabarmati River receives effluent loads from three major industrial estates •50 chemical units have contaminated theSarigam groundwater Sabarmati River A mountain of waste gypsum and hazardous waste at the Gujarat State Fertilizers and Ch micais complex (GSFC) at Bajwa Rajkot Amlakhadi River Damanganga er Vapi one the most polluted cities in the world Source: Blacksmith institute Vadodar Effluent e nal Pipel e urat Sariu am Grounö mater
  24. Andaman- Nicobar Islands The Andaman archipelago comprises approximately 570 islands in the Bay of Bengal and encompasses an area of about 6340 square miles Forest survey reports suggest that 92.2% of the total area of the Andaman Islands was under forest cover at the beginning of the colonial period In the rain forests of Little Andaman Islands the mangroves and coral reefs create a prime location for biodiversity These lands were being destroyed by the Forest Corporation and other Government bodies who were indiscriminately cutting trees (1.8 million trees felled in 20 years)/ mining and carrying out other non-forest activity Some of the ethnic tribal populations have lived in these rain forest islands for 70/000 years, but they were on the brink of extinction due to the disruption of their lifestyle and the destruction of their habitat
  25. N tth aman -ddle Port Blair Andaman Sea ANDAMAN ISLANDS Andaman and Nicobar Islands Indian Ocean Car Nicobar NICOBAR Toraso Bw—-Noncowry KotchaIM I-we Nicobar
  26. Jarawa Reserve and Trunk Road Jaravva tribal reserve 5k'T"i buffer zone ANDAMAN SLANDS M ANDAMAN Andaman trunk road SOUTH ANDAMAN , ——LBarefoot Cotinpur resort Blair O Skrn SOURCE: SurvivaÜBaretoot
  27. The Convoy of Tourist Vehicles in the Jaravva Reserve OGethin Chamberlain
  28. Amravati —New Capital of AP • Andhra Pradesh's new 'world-class' capital city will require enormous amounts of energy and resources to build and to run, while destroying precious natural environments and local livelihoods Amaravati's planned location on the southern floodplains of the river Krishna violates laws, making the city environmentally unsustainable
  29. Amravati .... • Land chosen for Amaravati is currently the source of a vibrant agro- economy that yields Rs 1000 crore per year, with complete linkages from farm to market • The soil here is so rich that over 20/000 farmers in the 29 villages grow three or more crops annually and more than 120 varieties in total • Even marginal farmers who own half an acre or less earn more than Rs 30/000 each month India's environment body, the National Green Tribunal (NGT)/ has also expressed concern that the state government did not complete a mandatory environmental assessment before deciding on the location of the city
  30. AP CAPITAL REGION PUN (Year 2050 and beyond) Legend Propy.ed tnOztr•a Com-d@t Stgon Acntutute ] Futi.«eU'baSu04eo eoundacv City Bout KRISHNA O!STRICT cro. TRICT
  31. Amravati —The Loss
  32. 'The outsiders are bad men. They abuse us. I prefer to stay in the jungle,' Jatawa Andaman Islands,' india

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