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Static Electricity

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Published in: Physics
14,264 Views

It gives understanding of static electricity in our day to life and give information about the concept used in the static electricity.

Mirani / Ahmedabad

5 years of teaching experience

Qualification: M.Sc (Gujarat univerrsity - 2014)

Teaches: Mathematics, Physics

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  1. Static Electricity
  2. Atom Positively charge (less electron) Negatively charge (more electron) Neutral (Electron=proton)
  3. Behaviour of electric charge Glass tumbler paper Near to each other No attraction take place No effect take place
  4. Behaviour of electric charge Glass tumbler Rubbed silk cloth Some electron transform from glass tumbler to silk cloth. Glass tumbler (positively charged) silk cloth negatively charged)
  5. Glass tumbler (positively charge) Near to each other Attraction take place paper piece
  6. Ebonite rod Rubbed Fur cloth Some electron transform from Ebonite rod to Fur cloth. Ebonite rod (positively charged) Fur cloth (negatively charged)
  7. Conclusions Like charges always repel each other Unlike charges attract each other
  8. Conductors and Insulators Conductors-substance that allows electric charge to flow. Examples-metals(free electron) Insulators-substance that do not allow electric charges to flow through them. Examples-Glass,ebonite,plastic,silk and wool are insulators or non conductors (no free elect r O n)
  9. 2 Charging methods Charging by friction Charging by conduction Charging by induction
  10. Object 1 Charging by friction object 2 Rubbed Electron get transferred from one object to the other. Object lose electr Object gain electr positively charged n negatively charged. n
  11. Charging by conduction Charged Uncharged
  12. Charging by conduction Charged Charged
  13. Object A Observations Object B Touched The total number on the charged object gets equally distributed between the two objects.
  14. Charging by induction Ground (b) (d)
  15. Difference Conduction Contact take place Electrons flows Same charge nature Charged remain per Induction contact not take place no electron flows no same charge charges temporary
  16. Electroscope What is electroscope? An electroscope is an instrument used to detect the presence of charge and the nature of charge on an object. It is very sensitive and delicate instrument. Electroscope are of two types (pith ball electroscope) (gold-leaf electroscope)(most popular)
  17. Gold-leaf electroscope tern 6
  18. Fig. 109 The gold.jeaf electroscope
  19. Parts of Electroscope Brass disc Seal insulators plug glass jar Brass Rod gold leaves metal foil strip wooden base.
  20. Magnitude of electric current To find out magnitude of electric current 1=Q/t where l=electric current, Q=electric charge t=time The Sl unit of electric current is ampere(A).As the Sl unit of electric charge is coulomb(C) and that of time is second(s).
  21. Define 1 Coulomb When 1 coulomb of charges flows across any point of a conductor in 1 s, an electric current Of 1 ampere is said to be flowing through it.
  22. Electric potential Object 1 Contact object 2 Electron get transferred from one object to the other. Object lose electr Object gain electr positively charged n negatively charged. n
  23. Why this transfer occur ? Electron flows from conductor having high concentration to conductor having low concentration of electron. So any difference in the concentration of electron results in the electron flows.
  24. The flow of electron take place in following case Negatively charged Negatively charged Uncharged object Positively charged Uncharged object positively charged
  25. Definition Electric potential Electric potential is defined as that property of a conductor which determine whether it will allow the flow of electron through it.
  26. Electron vs conventional current Electron direction-negative terminal to positive terminal Convectional current-positive terminal to negative terminal.
  27. Conclusion Electron flows from higher concentration to lower concentration(- to +) Conventional current flows from its higher concentration to lower concentration(+ to -)
  28. Potential difference The difference between the electric potential of two charged objects is called potential difference. The Sl unit of potential difference is VOLT. The higher unit of volts are 1 000v An electric battery is generally a sources of potential difference. Heigher potential High elctric current
  29. The heating effect of electric current Electric current produce effect in the conductors.... (1) Heating effect (2) magnetic effect (3) Chemical effect The most observed is Heating efffect.
  30. Define heating effect of elelctric cuurent When electric current is allowed to flow through a conductor, it gets heated. This phenomenon is called heating effect of electric current. Factors governing the heating effect of current (1) length of the conductor-Heat produce is directly proportional to the length of the conductor.
  31. Long conductor Short conductor More heat less heat (2) Area of cross section : Heat produced is inversely proportion to the area of the cross section(thickness)
  32. High thickness Low thickness less heat more heat (3) material of the conductor::. Heat produced depends on the nature of the material of the conductor. (4) Amount of electric current::. Heat produced is directly proportional to the amount of electric current flows
  33. (4) Amount of electric current- Heat production is directly depends on the amount of electric current. More Electric current Less electric current More heat less heat (5) Time of current flows-Heat produced is directly proportional to the time for which electric current flows.
  34. More time Less time More heat less time
  35. Application of heating effect of current. Many of the electrical appliances that we use at homes, offices and industries malce use of the heating effect of current. Electric bulb- An electric bulb consist of a hollow, scaled glass bulb filled with an inert gas. It contains a thin, coiled tungsten filament fixed on nickel-iron wires attached to the neck of the bulb.
  36. 1 2 3 4 6 9 5 7 8 10 Light Bulb Parts Glass butb t. Love press'üe it*tt gas 2. 3. T'ngsten 4. Contact wire ot 5. Contact Wire 6. Support wires 7. Seem égiass Contact wire Goes ot s") 8. 9. Cap 11. Ejeetricai conuet 11
  37. The two end of a filament are connected to thicl< lead wires and drawn out to join the contact pins. These contact are connects the wires through the bulb holder to electric mains and allow eclectic current to flow through the filament of the bulb. Working - when the current flows, the temperature of the tungsten coil rises(3000 degree)
  38. The bulb become red hot and start glowing to give out heat and light. Electric fuse- An Electric fuse is a safety deivce that prevent the wiring system. Diagram-
  39. N/A
  40. Chapter -1 1 Magnetic effect of electric current Class Prepared by School 8 Mirani Darshit Nirmala convent school
  41. What is a Magnet? C What Materials are Magnetic? Crayons
  42. Magnetic material - All materials that are attracted by magnets are called magnetic materials. Eg—lron,Nickel and cobalt. Non magnetic materials-All materials that are not attracted by the magnet are called non magnetic materials. Eg-Wood,paper,stainless steel, silver and gold.
  43. Properties of magnets (1 )Attractive property- Magnet Attract Magnetic material
  44. Directive property A freely suspended magnet- Always rest in the north-south pole. s The geographical north is called north pole. The geographical south is called south end.
  45. Bar magnet broken in to several part Poles of a magnet cannot exits independently.
  46. Contact (north to north)or(south to south) Repulsion take place
  47. Contact (north to south)or(north to south) Attraction talce place
  48. TOWAR DS THF CFNTRF. MAXIMUM AT B 0TH THE POLES AND DFCRFASFD THE ATTRACTIVE PR OPFRTY OF THE MAGNET IS IMPORTANT POINT
  49. Magnetic compass A magnetic compass is a simple device that gives the directive property of the magnet. sur shutterstr.ck
  50. It consist of a small, flat magnetic needle. The north of the needle marked with red colour. sw
  51. Direction such as North(N),north- east(NE),east(E),south-east(SE),south(S) are marked at the base. The magnetic needle is free to rotate about its centre and point in the north south direction.
  52. Magnetic field The region around the magnet where magnetic force exist is called magnetic field. A field is represented using field curved lines called magnetic lines of force. Originate from north to south pole.
  53. N/A
  54. The magnetic field lines of force are continues curves. It start from north pole and end at south pole(outside) Their direction is north to south pole. However inside the magnet the direction is from south to north pole. No two line of a force ever intersect with each other. Densely populated line of force indicate a strong magnetic field. Whereas widely distributed lines indicate a weak magnetic feild.
  55. Magnetic field of Earth A freely suspended magnet comes to rest in north to south direction. s
  56. Electromagnetism When electric current passed through a conductor, it act lil
  57. Magnetic field due to straight current carrying conductor Current Magnetic Field
  58. The properties of magnetic lines of force due to a straight current carrying conductor. All the field lines are in the form of concentric circles, with the conductor at the centre. The plane of magnetic lines of force is perpendicular to the plane of conductor. The direction of magnetic lines changes when direction of current is also changes. If the magnitude of current increases the number of field line force increases.
  59. Maxwell's right-hand thumb rule If suppose electric current passing through our hand then direction of thumb is the direction of electric current and direction of fingers is the direction of magnetic field. Magnetic field
  60. Magnetic effect due to circular current carrying coil. Circular coil carrying current c Magnetic lines of force Magnetic Field Pattern Around a Circular loop When the Number of Turns is Increased
  61. Current Current flows clock wise flows clock wise magnetic field into ring magnetic field out of ring They form concentric circles Properties with the conductors at the centre. Their direction reverse with the change in the direction of current. They become straight and parallel at the centre of the coil.
  62. Their plane is perpendicular to the plane of coil. Increased strength of current in the coil gives increase number of magnetic lines of force.
  63. -Solenoid- A solenoid is a long insulated copper wire wound around a cylindrical cardboard or a plastic tube with a current passing through it. Solenoid behaves like a magnet. The magnetic field produce by the current carrying solenoid is similar to the magnetic field produce by a bar magnet.
  64. solenoid image c/e:trc j,' elo:tr.c
  65. Strength of a solenoid The strength of a solenoid is directly proportional to the amount of current flowing the conductor. Greater the current stronger the magnetic field produce Strength of a solenoid is directly produce to the number of turn in the coil larger the
  66. Electromagnet If the coil of a solenoid is wound around a soft iron core and an electric current is passed through it, the core behaves like a strong magnet as long as current flows through the coil. It is called electromagnet. The two types of common electromagnets are (1) Bar type (2) horseshoe-type
  67. Permanent magnet-lf the soft iron core is replaced by bar of stell and a strong current is passed through the coil, the stell bar becomes a permanent magnet.
  68. N/A
  69. p rope rties— The strength of an electromagnet depend on the amount of current through the conductor, number of turns in the coil, and the length of the coil in the same manner as the solenoid. It also depend upon the nature of the material of the core.
  70. Application of Electromagnetism Electric bell--- It worl
  71. Electric bell ircqa e.r.cng
  72. Working of electric bell (switch on) Electric current passed Electromagnet pro uce magnetic field Attract the armature Cause the hammer to move, strike the gong
  73. Sound produce switch off(Current stop) magnetic field not produce process repeat again and again.
  74. Electric motor An electric motor is a device that convert electric energy in to mechanical energy.
  75. electric current passes a coil in a magnetic feed, magnetic force pto$Jt:eS a torque v.±tith tUtr.S the DC motor 1 Eje:trc cummt suppied a comme•.atc€ The carr«t cach keep th9 tro drectk.-«
  76. Principle-A rectangular coil of insulated copper conductor is placed in the magnetic field of a strong U-shaped magnet. Both of them are perpendicular to each other. Working-When current flows through the rectangular coil, it becomes an electro magnet. Magnetic field 1 (U shaped magnet) Magnetic field 2 (Rectangular coil)
  77. I nte rfe re Force will produce These force rotates the coil
  78. Electromagnetic induction To generate electric field with the help of magnetic field. The phenomenon is called electro magnetic induction. Faradays experiment-faraday placed a conductor in a changing magnetic field. Conductor Changing magnetic field.
  79. Conclusion This shows that an electric current is induced when a magnet moves through the coil. This electric current is called induced current.
  80. A c current and dc cuurent A current that changes direction at fixed interval of time is called alternating current. The current supply to our home is alternating current.(50 Hz) 50 HZ means changes its direction 50 times in one second. The current that flows in the same direction toward the higher potential to the lower potential is called direct current.
  81. Electric generator(dynamo) A dynamo is a device that converts mechanical energy into electric energy. Load slip rings brushes case I Load Direction of induced current case 2
  82. Construction- A dynamo consist of a rectangular coil made of insulated copper wire, placed in another magnetic field. The free ends of a coil are connected to the two slips ring. Carbon bushes - carries the current to external load
  83. Working- As the coil rotates in the permanent magnetic field. Magnetic field Induced electric field The two slip rings also rotates with the coil, maintaining the contact during the rotations. Dynamo produce an altering curent.
  84. Tranformer Transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy between two circuits through electromagnetic induction.
  85. ????" ?? ???? ? ?
  86. Working-when magnetic field changes within the primary coil, an induced alternating current is generated in the second coil. The strength of the induced current depends on the number of turns of the coil.
  87. Step up tranformer This type of transformer is used to increase the magnitude of the ac voltage. Primary coil turns is less secondary coil turns is more
  88. Step down tranformer This type of transformer is used to decrease the magnitude of the ac voltage. Primary coil turns is more secondary coil turns is less

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