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Vitamins Note

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Published in: Biology
7,543 Views

Sudent will get a brief and healthy knowleade of various Vitamins from this PPT.

Krishnendu P / Kolkata

1 year of teaching experience

Qualification: Pursuing phd in life Science

Teaches: Bio Technology, Biology, Chemistry, Zoology, Bio Chemistry

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  1. Vitamin A Vitamin A is a group of nutritionally unsaturated hydrocarbons, which include retinol, retinal, retinoic acid, and several provitamin A carotenoids. Vitamin A can be found in two principal forms in foods: Retinol,the form of vitamin A absorbed when eating animal food sources, is a yellow, fat-soluble substance. The Carotenes,alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, gamma- carotene; and the Xanthophyll ,beta-cryptoxanthin. Vitamin H3C CH3 CH3 CH3 OH CH3
  2. Vitamin A in Foods Preformed — Liver, fish oils, fortified milk, eggs, other fortified foods — Contributes N of vitamin A intake for Americans Provitamin A carotenoids — Dark leafy green, yellow-orange vegetables/fruits
  3. Transport and Storage of Vitamin A ' Liver stores 90% of vitamin A in the body ' Reserve is adequate for several months Transported via chylomicrons from intestinal cells to the liver Transported from the liver to target tissue as retinol via retinol-binding protein, which is bound to transthyretin
  4. Conversion of Carotenoids to Retinoids Eeto-carotene o 2 mdecules of retinal I O CHIOH Retinol O •C—OH Retinoic acid Vitamin A family ' Enzymatic conversion of carotenoids occurs in liver or intestinal cells, forming retinal and retinoic acid Provitamin A carotenoids — Beta-carotene — Alpha carotene — Beta-cryptoxanthin Other carotenoids — Lutein — Lycopene — Zeaxanthin
  5. The In the dark Opsin and Il-cis retinal enzymatically combined to regenerate rhodopsin All-Trans retinal enzymatically converted back to Il-cis retinal Opsin triggers reaction cascade message sent to brain Cessation of dark current Visual Rh opsin Opsin Il-cis retinal Cycle In the light Rhodopsin absorbs photon of light Il-cis retinal isomerizes to all-trans retinal in rhodopsin All-Trans retinal separates from opsin
  6. Vitamin D Vitamin D is a group of fat- soluble secosteroids responsible for enhancing intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphate. In humans, the most important compounds in this group are vitamin D3 (also known as cholecalciferol) and vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol). Cholecalciferol and ergocalciferol can be ingested from the diet and from supplements. The body can also synthesize vitamin D (specifically cholecalciferol) in the skin, from cholesterol, when sun exposure is adequate (hence its nickname, the "sunshine vitamin").
  7. Vitamin D body can make — from sunlight — precursor made from cholesterol not essential production occurs in liver and kidney -o — diseases can affect activation Skin Cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) Liver 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 Kidney Major source — sunlight 7-Dehydrocholesterol Minor source — dietary intake Vitamin D3 (fish, meat) Vitamin D? (vitamin supplements) I ,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 t Calcium absorption (small intestine) t Urinary calcium re-absorption (kidney) t Bone mineralisation Maintains calcium balance in the body via the action of parathyroid hormone
  8. Vitamin D Chief functions in the body Mineralization of bones raises blood calcium and phosphorus by increasing absorption from digestive tract withdrawing calcium from bones stimulating retention by kidneys) Nonskeletal functions of Vitamin D Brain, prostate, breast, colon tissues and immune cells have Vitamin D receptors and respond to 1 , 25-dihydroxyvitamin D (the active form of D) 1 , 25-dihydroxyvitamin D controls more than 200 genes Potent immunomodulator
  9. Vitamin D Deficiency Rickets Inadequate calcification Misshapen, deformed Lax muscles with spasm Osteomalacia Loss of calcium Soft, deformed bones Pain, weakness
  10. Vitamin E Sources Polyunsaturated plant oils Margarine Salad dressing Leafy green vegetables Wheat germ Whole grains Egg yolks Nuts and seeds Spe um WHEAT 'AFFLOWER GERM OIL
  11. Vitamin E Chief function in the body Antioxidant stabilization of cell membranes, regulation of oxidation reactions, protection of polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin A ation of cell membranes, regulation of oxidation reactions, protection of polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin A
  12. Vitamin E: Antioxidant Free-radical formation and damage O 02 (oxygen) O O O Occasiona ly, oxygen gains an OTO regain its stabi ity, the free extra e ectron from the electron transport chain, thereby generating a free radcal. Antioxidant protection Active vitamin E O O Antioxidants, such as 'vitamin E, neutral'ze free radica s by donating one of their own electrone rad cal attacks a nearby molecu e (such as a ipid or protein) and steals an electron. E The destructive chain reaction s stopped. but vitam n E is no onger active. Left with an unpaired e ectron, this molecu e becomes a free radical itself and attacks another nearby molecule. The chain react on continues, causing widespread damage. O Like vitam'n E, vitam n C acts as an antioxidant; it also restores vitamin E to its active form. An abundance of dietary antioxidants minim zes free-radica damage.
  13. Vitamin K Chief functions in the body — Synthesis of blood-clotting proteins and bone proteins that regulate blood calcium Vitamin K Several precursors earlier in the series depend on vitamin K Calcium and thromboplastin (a phospholipid) from blood platelets Prothrombin (an inactive protein) Thrombin (an active enzyme) Fibrinogen (a soluble protein) Fibrin (a solid clot)
  14. Vitamin K: Other Functions Synthesis of bone proteins that regulate blood calcium; prevent bone loss Integration of calcium into bones Prevent calcium deposition in blood vessels (vascular calcification) Maintain blood vessel elasticity

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