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Presentation On Diptheria

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Published in: Biology | Science | Zoology
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Heard of diptheria? Let's learn about this infectious disease. Diphtheria is an acute infectious disease caused by Cornybacterium diptheriae. It is a serious bacterial infection that usually affects the mucous membranes of your nose and throat.

Tanu / Delhi

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  1. DIPTHERIA
  2. Introduction - Diphtheria (dif-THEEß-e-uh) is an acute infectious disease caused by Cornybacterium diptheriae. - It is a serious bacterial infection that usually affects the mucous membranes of your nose and throat. - It usually affects young children. - It is preventable by vaccine.
  3. - Diphtheria Was first recognized by Pierre bretonneau (1820). - C. diphtheriae Was observed by Klebs (1883) and first cultivated by Loeffler (1889); hence, it is known as Klebs- Loeffler bacillus. - Roux and Yersin (1888) established the pathogenic effect of diphtheria toxin; subsequenrly, its anti toxin Was described by Von Behring.
  4. HOW VACCINATION HAS IMPACTED THE PREVALENCE OF DIPHTHERIA 350 250 50 - Diphtheria vaccination commenced 1953 - 13TP vaccination introduced
  5. Epidemiology AGENT FACTORS - Causative Organism C.diptheriae , non motile, non invasive, produces exotoxin. - q types : gravis, mitis, belfanti and intermedius. - All are pathogenic and gravis more severe than mitis. - Not all strains are toxigenic but may become so with infection with beta phage carrying gene for toxin. - Toxin could affect Heart- myocarditis, nerves- paralysis
  6. - DiptheriQ bacteria are sensitive to penicillin and readily killed by heat and chemical agents. - Source of infection- Carrier states or case. - Cases- May be subclinical to clinical. - Carriers - They may be throat or nasal. Nasal carriers are more dangerous than throat as they shed the organism in the environment.
  7. CARRIERS MAY ALSO BE TEMPORARY OR CHRONIC (LASTING FOR A YEAR OR MORE UNLESS TREATED). IMMUNIZATION DOES NOT PREVENT CARRIER STATE. INFECTIVE MATERIAL - NASOPHARYNGEAL SECRETIONS.
  8. HOST FACTORS - Age - Mainly affects children l- 5 years of age. However a shift of incidence from preschool to school children is being seen in developed countries. - Sex - Affects both males and females. - Immunity - Infants born to immune mothers are relatively immune in first weeks or months of life.
  9. OTHER FACTORS . - Environmental- Occurs throughout winter but spread is favoured in winter season. - Mode of Transmission- Mainly spreads by droplet infection. May also be transmitted to susceptible persons through cutaneous lesions. - Portal of Entry- Respiratory (commonly) or cuts, wounds, ulcers, eye, genatalia. However the most common portal is respiratory.
  10. Clinical Features - Incubation Period : 2-0 days - Various forms of disease includes : l. Respiratory (Most Common) 2. Cutaneous 3. Conjuctival and genital (Rare) - Respiratory tract form includes: A. O. C. Pharyngotonsillar Laryngotracheal Nasal
  11. A. Pharynqotonsillar diphtheria : - Sore throat, difficulty in swallowing, and low grade fever at presentation. - Pseudo- membrane. - The membrane may be localized or a patch of the posterior pharynx or tonsil, may cover the entire tonsil, or, less frequently, may spread to cover the soft and hard palates and the posterior portion of the pharynx. - In the early stage the pseudo-membrane may be whitish and may wipe off easily. - The membrane may extend to become thick, blue-white to grey- black, and adherent. Attempts to remove the membrane result in bleeding. - Severe disease may have marked oedema of the submandibular area and the anterior portion of the neck, along with lymphadenopathy, giving Q characteristic "bull-necked" appearance.
  12. sore throat swollen glands in the neck barking cough racing heart wheezing and difficulty breathing
  13. O. Laryngotracheal diphtheria - Most often is preceded by pharyngotonsillar disease. - Associated with fever, hoarseness and croupy cough at presentation. - It may extend into bronchial tree, it is the most severe form of disease leading to prostration and dyspnoea because of the obstruction caused by the membrane. This obstruction may even cause suffocation.
  14. c. NASAL DIPHTHERIA : MILDEST FORM OF RESPIRATORY DIPHTHERIA LOCALIZED TO THE SEPTUM OR TURBINATES OF ONE SIDE OF THE NOSE. OCCASIONALLY A MEMBRANE MAY EXTEND INTO THE PHARYNX.
  15. 2. Cutaneous diphtheria . - Common in tropical areas. - Appears as a secondary infection of a previous skin abrasion or infection. - The presenting lesion, often an ulcer, may be surrounded by erythema and covered with a membrane. 3. Conjuctival and Genital Diptheria . - These are rarely seen.
  16. Control - Cases and Carriers: l. Early Detection 2. Isolation 3. Treatment Contacts of Dip-theriQ l. Immunisation or booster dose within 2 years - no further action 2. Immunisation or booster dose before 2 years - only booster dose 3. Unimmunised- prophylactic therapy + diphtheria anitioxin + active immunisation against diptheria. Communit Active immunisation all infants should be done.
  17. Immunization Status Primary course/hooster Primary immunization/Booster received within revi0i•s2 IS, Further •r.tit:en dose received > 2 ago One Boaster dose af Diphtheria toxoic:i Non —immunized 1. Prophylaclie penicillin/eri,'thramvcirl 2, Diphtheria antitoxin units) 3. Primar course of 2 doses and
  18. Treatment - Treatment includes . - Diphtheria anti toxin depending upon immunisation status. - Penicillin or erythromycin for days. - All cases should also be isolated.
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  20. Adverse event occurring within 48 hours DTP vaccination Event Local: redness, swelling, pain Mild/moderate systemic. fever, drowsiness, fretfulness vomiting, anorexia More serious systemic: persistent crying, fever collapse, convulsions acute encephalopathy permanent neurological deficit Frequency 1 in 2-3 doses 1 in 2-3 doses in 5-15 doses 1 1 in 100-300 doses in 1750 doses 1 1 in 100,000 doses I in 300,000 doses
  21. N/A

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