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Petroleum Engineering

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Published in: Mechanical
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Presentation on Petroleum Engineering.

Trinity A / Chandigarh

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Teaches: Indian National Mathematical Olympiad (INMO), Mental Maths, Olympiad Exam Preparation, Regional Mathematical Olympiad (RMO), Advanced Excel, Basic Computer, MS Office, School Level Computer, Mathematics, Statistics, Science, Social Studies, B.Tech Tuition, Drawing, Mechanical, AutoCAD Training, French, German, Study in Germany

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  1. Petroleum Engineering
  2. Petroleum Engineering (Syllabus CU-2016) Characteristics of Crude oil and Natural gas ; Classification of crude oil and its physico chemical properties; Fractional distillation & Products from Crude oil; Petroleum cracking, Synthetic petrol. Knocking properties of fuel, Octane and Cetane rating.
  3. Liquid fuel The principal source of liquid fuel is petroleum which is a dark greenish viscous oil found in deep in earth crust and is a extremely complex mixture of hundreds of hydrocarbons and as such is unsuitable for most technical purpose. Hence crude oil is subjected to fractional distillation where it can be separated into a number of fractions each of which has a technical name and finds use in industry. Fractional distillation is the distillation by stages; it is carried out in such a that the liquids will be evaporated one after another. Petroleum resources in India: Assam, Gujarat, Bombay Major petroleum refineries in India: Trombay, Guahati, Kochin, Baranasi and Haldia. Government organization involved in exploration and production of petroleum in India are ONGC and OIL.
  4. Distillation of crude petroleum Crude Oil Distillation Tower Crude Oil Heating Burner Petroleum gas < 40 C ct to C3 Gasoline 40-200 c C4 to C12 Kerosene, jet fuel 200-250 c C 12 to C 16 Heating oil 250-300 c C 15 to C 18 Lubricating Oil 300-370 c C19 and up Residue, asphalt C25 and up C. Ophardt c-1998
  5. ms Name of the fraction 1. Uncondensed gas 2. Petroleum ether C5-C7 3. Petrol or gasoline 4. Kerosene 5. Diesel Boiling range < 300C 40-800C 80-2000c 200-3000c 300-4000c Composition 1 cn-C16 16 18 18 40 Uses LPG, used as fuel As solvents for fats and oils. Motor fuel and solvent for dry cleaning. Illuminant, fuel for stove, for making oil gas. Fuel for diesel engine 6. Residual oil is refractionated under vacuum to give lubricating oil, pitch etc
  6. Cracking The Cracking, in petroleum refining, is the process by which heavy hydrocarbon molecules are broken up into lighter molecules by means of heat and usually pressure and sometimes catalysts. Cracking is the most important process for the commercial production of gasoline and diesel fuel. Thermal cracking of petroleum residue oil was conducted in a high-pressure batch reactor under various operating conditions, temperature in range 400—4800 When cracking takes place in the presence of catalysts such as alumina, silica, or zeolites, the process is referred as catalytic cracking.
  7. Thermal and Catalytic Cracking The first thermal cracking process for breaking up large nonvolatile hydrocarbons into gasoline came into use in 1913; it was invented by William Merriam Burton. In 1920s, French chemist Eugöne Houdry improved the cracking process with catalysts to obtain a higher-octane product. Catalytic cracking was itself improved in the 1940s with the use of fluidized or moving beds of powdered catalyst. During the 1950s, as demand for automobile and jet fuel increased, hydrocracking was applied to petroleum refining. This process employs hydrogen gas to improve the hydrogen-carbon ratio in the cracked molecules and to arrive at a broader range of end products, such as gasoline and diesel fuel. Modern low-temperature hydrocracking was put into commercial production in 1963.
  8. Synthetic petrol The beginnings of the development of synthetic petrol in Germany are connected primarily to the name of professor Friedrich Bergius, who acquired a patent on the technological process of coal liquefaction in 1913. Conversion of carbon from coal to hydrocarbons similar to oil was carried out by means of hydrogenation in high temperatures, using ferric oxide as a catalyst. This process was successfully utilized on an industrial scale as late as in 1926 during 1 st World War .
  9. Knocking property off a fuel Knocking is a mild explosion occurring in an internal combustion engine. It is common to both petrol and diesel engine. It is undesired property. In petrol engine knocking occurs due to the long chain hydrocarbons due to premature ignition. Whereas, in diesel engine knocking occurs due to the highly branched or aromatic hydrocarbons which occurred due to delayed ignition. The knocking property of a fuel reduces the efficiency of engine. Knocking is inferred from a hammer rattling sound in engine.
  10. Knocking property off a fuel Knocking is a mild explosion occurring in an internal combustion engine. It is common to both petrol and diesel engine. It is undesired property. In petrol engine knocking occurs due to the long chain hydrocarbons due to premature ignition. Whereas, in diesel engine knocking occurs due to the highly branched or aromatic hydrocarbons which occurred due to delayed ignition. The knocking property of a fuel reduces the efficiency of engine. Knocking is inferred from a hammer rattling sound in engine.
  11. Octane number for petrol The quality of petrol fuel is determined by its octane number. It designates the % of isooctane in a mixture of isooctane and n heptane whose knocking characteristics matches the particular sample of petrol. 2, 2, 4-trimethyl pentane (isooctane) with no tendency to knock is assigned to have octane number 100 whereas n-heptane that causes great knocking is assigned to have octane number 0. H3C CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 2,2,4-trimethyl pentane (Isooctane) Octane number = 100 CH3 n-Heptane Octane number = O 'The octane number of a given sample of gasoline is 42' means that the knocking property of this gasoline sample matches with the knocking property of a mixture of 42% isooctane and 58% n-heptane.
  12. Octane number for petrol Recently, hydrocarbons with octane number of smaller than 0 or higher than 100 are also known. For example n-nonane has an octane number of -45 while 2,2,3-trimethyl butane or triptane has an octane number of 125. H3C (CH2)7 n-Nonane Octane number = - 45 CH3 H3C CH CH3 CH3 CH3 2,2,3-Trimethylbutane (triptane) Octane number = 125
  13. Cetane number or nesel The quality of diesel fuel is determined by its cetane number. It designates the % of cetane in a mixture of cetane and alpha methyl naphthalene whose knocking characteristics matches the particular sample of diesel. N-Hexadecane (or cetane) is assigned to have cetane number 100 whereas alpha methyl naphthalene is assigned to have cetane number 0. H3C (CH2)12 CH3 n-Hexadecane (Cetane) Cetane number = 100 CH3 Alpha-Methyl naphthalene Cetane number = 0 'The cetane number of a given sample of diesel is 42' means that the knocking property of this diesel sample matches with the knocking property of a mixture of 42% cetane and 58% alpha methyl naphthalene .
  14. Antiknock compounds an opants Knocking can be prevented by addition of antiknock compounds to petrol . Antiknock compounds when added to gasoline or petrol it increases the octane number of petrol by reducing its knocking characteristics. Tetraethyl lead (TEL) is a very important antiknock compound . But one of the disadvantage of using TEL is that it causes serious environmental pollution by throwing volatile lead bromide in the atmosphere through exhaust of the engine. When TEL is added to petrol to improve its octane number then it is called leaded petrol. But now a days MT BE (methyl tertiary butyl ether) is used as antiknock compounds in petrol and those petrol are called unleaded or lead free petrol. Similarly the cetane number of a diesel fuel can be improved by adding chemicals called dopants. They are used in very less amount (1-5%). Examples are ethyl nitrite and amyl nitrate.
  15. List ot referenc Books 1. Engineering Chemistry by Jain & Jain 2. A text book of Engineering Chemistry by Shashi Chawla Links https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7K03X 8QhsA 1. http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/catalytic- 2. cracking.html#ixzz3b3u6qbUb

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