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Class 10 CBSE Science Notes

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Published in: Biology
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Respiration I

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  1. 7.1 1 RESPIRATION RESPIRATION : The sum total of all the vital activities is called as metabolism. Vital act ivies refer to all the physiochemical activities of a cell. It has two aspects : (i) Anabolism : It includes metabolic process by which com cellular compounds are synthesized from simpler compounds, .e.g. Photosynthesis (ii) Catabolism : It includes metabolic processes by whi olecule ca broken down into responsible for simpler molecules, e.g. Respiration. Respiration is the production of energy. 7.1 (a) Definition : The process by which assimilated food idize In this process oxygen from air is taken •s oxy body cells and burn them slowl releas molecules inside the cell for rther nd the impo d ener release called as respiration. od molecules present in the n reacts WI rgy is stored in the form of ATP te produc I.e. CO and H20 are eliminated out of the body. Oxidation Food + oxy n It is called as aerobic r ati 2 Energy NOTE : The process produced •ch or sms the ou during oxidation foo obtain o en from environment and release carbon dioxide nvironment is called as breathing. It is a part of respiration. 7.1 'f erence B een thing and Respiration : Ive aking in of oxygen and releasing out of carbon dioxide so it is a physical o is a biochemical process which, along with breathing involves oxidation process of food. (ii) Breathing i ves lungs so it is an organ system level process while respiration besides being at organ system level, also occurs at cellular level. (iii) Breathing itself do not release energy while respiration results in the release of energy which is then stored in from of ATP. (iv) Breathing is a part of respiration while respiration is not a part of breathing but it involves breathing. (c) Types of Respiration : 7.1 (i) External respiration : Exchange of gases between an organism and its environment.
  2. 2 (ii) Internal respiration : Exchange of gases between tissue cells and extra cellular environment. (iii) Aerobic : When oxidation of food takes place in presence of molecular oxygen.
  3. 3 In presence of 02 Food Pyruvic acid C02 + + 38 ATP Kreb cycle in mitrochndira it is called as aerobic respiration. (iv) Anaerobic respiration : When oxidation of food material does not require molecular oxygen or it occurs in absence of molecular oxygen, it is called as anaerobic respiration. Food In yeast 2 5 OH -k 2C02 -k ATP Pyruvecacid (During fermentaion) In muscles Lacticacid + 2C02 + 2ATP (During vigorous exercise) 7.1 7.1 (d) Respiration : Respiration in divided in three parts : (i) Cellular respiration (e) Respiration Plants : (ii) Respiration in plants • In plants exchange of gases takes place from leaves, stems and roots individually. • Transfer of respiratory gases from o art to (iii) Respiration in animals oot hai soil pideruv ceil root another is very less. • Exchange of gases in plants oc diffusion. (i) Respiration in roots : idermal • In young roots, y sim to form root hair. These root hair remain in direct in cont with t into the root simpl ent in b een the soil particles. The oxygen from this air enters sion and re es to other cells of root for respiration. • In older root p ctive la of dead cells is present which have tiny openings called as 1 nticels. Diffusi f o takes ace through these pores and carbon dioxide is released out t ame. (ii) R •ratio • In herb us plant , tem have small openings in their epidermal cells called as stomata, the oxygen from ters through stomata and carbon dioxide is released from the same. • In hard and woody stems of big plants and frees, lenticels are present in place of stomata through which exchange of gases takes place. (iii) Respiration in leaves : • Surface of leaves possess numerous Liny pores called as stomata in their epidermal cells, exchange of gases takes place through stomata and when C02 concentration in cell increases stomata opens and C02 is released out. An experiment to show that plants take oxygen and evolve carbon dioxide during respiration :
  4. 4 • Experiment : To demonstrate the plants take oxygen and evolve dioxide during respiration set the apparatus according to figure by taking KOH in U-tube, lie-water in two wide mouth bottles, one potted plant, bell jar and black-cloth. During day time the potted plant is covered with black- cloth to
  5. 5 check photosynthesis. Make the apparatus airtight and start the aspirator. After sometime you will find that the lime water of second bottle turns milky. The explanation for this is that when the water comes out from aspirator, the atmospheric air enters into the apparatus through the second end and passes through the U-tube containing caustic potash into the tube containing lime water. The caustic potash absorbs the C02 of the air. Thus, C02 free air reaches into lime water so it does not turn milky. If indicates the air does not contain even trace of C02. When this air reaches into the lime water of second tube through a bell jar having potted plant covered with black cloth to check photosynthesis, it turns milky. It prove at CO is evolved during respiration. BLACK CLOTH 91B PC)! ASH (NO IANGF) RESPRITAIN IN ANI L t.fF 'GEIS 7.2 birds • Respiration in a respiration due to mechanism is me. als takes mode e unit, the have different types of organs for s Lion al ries according to the organism but the basic • From phy otozoa Ctenophore iration is by generally body surface, in phylum Plathyelminth to matod e mostly anaerobic and endoparasites, in phylum Annelida cutanous memb e o s and t from phylum Arthropoda fill Mammals various respiratory achea, gills and lungs. were 11 s Example Amoeba, Paramecium 2. e of re eal res ation ation 3. Bran I respiration 4. Cutano spiralion 5. Pulmonary respiration 6. Buccal respiration Organs involved General body surface Trachea and fracheoles Gills Skin Lungs Buccal cavity Insects Fishes Frog Amphibians, From reptiles, Some important characteristics of respiratory organs of animals are : • They have large surface area to get enough oxygen. • They have thin walls for easy diffusion and exchange of gases. • They have rich blood supply for transport of respiratory gases. 7.2(a) Respiration in Amoeba :
  6. 6 In unicellular organisms like amoeba and in some lower mull-icellular animals likes sponges and cnidarians, respiration or exchange of gases occurs through general body surface as these cells are in direct contact with an aquatic environment so the oxygen dissolved in water diffuses into the cell and brings about oxidation of food, at the same time carbon dioxide released is expelled out of the cell by the same process. 7.2(b) Respiration in Earthworm In organisms like earthworm and leech exchange of gases occur through their skin as their skin is very thin and most. It is rich in blood supply so the oxygen is absorbed by moist skin of earthworm and is transported to all the cells of body through blood. The carbon dioxide from body cells diffuses into the blood and expelled out through skin. 7.2 (c) Respiration in Fish : • In fish exchange of gases occurs through gills so the res Gills are present on both the sides of its head, thewe cov said to by Gills ranchial. s. • During breathing fish takes present in watere acted by now absorbed by blo nd ca h its and pass it over the gills, the oxygen ater t d wate removed out through gill slits. This oxygen is to omes ba e body and at the same time carbon dioxide arts o the gills and is expelled out into the surrounding is released o e bloo water. • Same type or patte followed in some other aquatic organisms like prawns. 7.2 (d) s iration in ras per : thereo rs a s of tiny holes and air tube called o these tiny holes or openings are ov whole system facilities the iracle. exchange o es and is called as tracheal system. • During bre g oxygen of air enters the spiracle and reached to each and every part of grasshopper's body through trachea and fracheoles and carbon dioxide produced during respiration is carried back by trachea and fracheoles to the spiracles and is expelled out of the body of insect. The same mechanism is followed in other insects like houseflies, mosquitoes, bees etc. 7.2 (e) Respiration in Humans : • Human respiratory tract Spila.eie
  7. 7 (i) External nostrils : First part of respiratory system. It opens into nasal cavity and is meant for inhalation of air from outside. (ii) Nasal cavity : This cavity is separated from oral cavity by means of a hard and bony palate. It is lined by ciliated columnar epithelial cells that are rich in mucus; it brings about warming, moistening and sterilization of air. It contains hair and mucus which entrap the dust particles. (iii) Internal nares : Nasal cavity opens into it and it leads to pharynx. (iv) Pharynx : It is a common part between both alimentary canal an iratory system. (v) Larynx : It is an enlarged part of trachea which is als by passage of air between vocal cords. It contains four diffe c' shaped thyroid cartilage protruding out in neck r is ca as 'voice dam's ap '. It produces voice among them a (vi) Trachea : also called wind pipe. It is 10- long t t's wa e supported by 16 - 20 'c' shaped cartilaginous rings which perce (vii) Bronchi : Trachea is branched into lungs. (viii) Lungs : These are tw • ht wei ir is ab t in them m to apse w bronc left and rig ch of which enters into the ongy ches covered by a membrane called Pleura. Bronchi are further branched everal chiole , the end of bronchioles alveolar sacs or •ch are rich od cap •es and thin walled. alveoli are present (vi) Diaphragm : It is us udes at lies elow the lungs and separates thoracic cavity from abdom • Mechanism (i) Inhalation : vity. ing breath the diaphragm and muscles attached to the ribs contract •ch there curs e sion of chest cavity, it results increase in volume of chest cavity thus air creases and air from outside rushes into the lungs and alveolar sacs get re filled wi conta oxygen. The oxygen present in air diffuses into the blood and CO from blood diffuse into alveolar sac. (ii) Exchange between blood and tissues : C02 is taken by blood and O diffuses into tissues. (iii) Exhalation : When air is breathed out the diaphragm and muscles attached to ribs relax, which brings about contraction in chest cavity, its volume gets reduced and C02 is pushed out from lungs into the air through trachea and nostrils.
  8. 8 DAILY PRACTIVE PROBLEMS # 7 OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. The process of respiration is concerned with (A) liberation of oxygen (C) liberation of energy (B) liberation of carbon dioxide (D) intake of oxygen The common immediate source of energy for cellular activity is (A) NAD (B) ATP (C) DNA The tissue respiration refers to (A) inspiration (B) external respiration (C) inte espiration (D) RNA expiration If the C02 concentration in the blood increases, the rate of (A) decrease Vocal cards occur in (A) pharynx (B) stop (B) glottis (C) ease ronchi be (D effect In man, which of the following structure (A) Oli (B) Lung nalog of Ira to the sp ro s larynx s of cockroach ? (D) Nostrils Which of the following prev ts colla (A) Diaphragm Which of the follo •ng gases ma e blood cells. (C) aginous ring (D) Muscles the mo able combination with the hemoglobin of red (C) 02 9. 10. (A) C02 Volume of air (A) tidal volume ng capa the Mos (A) carb acid or exp ith each normal breath is called (B) inspiratory capacity (D) residual volume dl ide in the blood is carried in the form of (B) bicarbonates (D) dissolved CO 2 (C) carbamin emoglobin SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS 1. 2. Define respiration. Name the different types of respiration. Write three common features of respiratory organs.
  9. 9 3. 4. 5. 6. What are the characteristics of respiratory structure present in animals ? What is the function of epiglottis in man and where it is situated ? How does exchange of gases takes place in the following : (i) Roots (ii) Stem (iii) Leaves Draw a labelled diagram of human respiratory system. LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. What do you mean by inhalation and exhalation ? List out the differences between breathin ain the afion. hanis brif ? Describe the mechanism of breat in hu b ent pa Explain the process of resp •on in involved in respiration in plants . f plant. What are the various structures Draw the re vigorous exer tory s why . human gs. What happens to the rate of breathing during hree differe s be n respl alion in plants and respiration in animals. Describe with a diagra ow ga us exchange occurs through root hair in plants .E., 051 n differs from breathing ? Explain the process of aerobic respiration and How is respl anaerobic respiration. [C.B.S.E - 20051 Draw a diagram showing human respiratory system. Label its following parts : (i) Larynx (ii) Trachea (iii) Primary bronchus (iv) Lungs Name the respiratory organs in the following :
  10. (i) A fish (ii) A bird 10 (iii) An earthworm 10. Draw a diagram showing how blood in the capillaries surrounding tissues exchange respiratory gases with cells of the tissues.
  11. N/A

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