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Hormones

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Published in: Biology
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Project on Hormones. Important Hormones with their source and functions and disorders.

S.Mandal / Kolkata

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  1. PROJECT ON HORMONES INTRODUCTION ENDOCRINOLOGY Endocrinology is a branch of physiology in which endocrine glands and different hormones as-well-as hormone related effects on body, are studied. ENDOCRINE GLANDS Glands which possess ducts and mainly secrete Hormones, are called Endocrine Glands. E.g. — Pituitary, Thyroid, Adrenal glands etc. Pancreas is a mixed gland whose endocrine part is Islets of Langerhans having alpha, beta and delta cells. Testes is a mixed gland whose endocrine part is interstitial cells. Ovary is a mixed gland whose endocrine part is graffian follicle and corpus luteum. HORMONES Hormone is a substance produced by specialised cells of endocrine glands and transported to a distance where it acts on target. TYPES OF HORMONES 1) Local Hormones- Local hormones are those which act at or near the site of their origin and act in a paracrine, autocrine, and/or intracrine manner E.g. - Prostaglandins. 2) Trophic Hormones- Trophic hormones are those which act distally to their origin. All pituitary hormones are trophic hormones. LIST OF IMPORTANT HORMONES A) B) C) FROM HYPOTHALAMUS- v/ Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone(CRH) v/ Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone(TRH) v/ Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone v/ Growth Hormone Inhibitory Hormone Prolactin Inhibitory Hormone(Dopamine) v/ Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone(GnRH) FROM ANTERIOR PITUITARY- v/ Adrenocorticotropic hormone(ACTH) v/ Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) v/ Growth hormone(GH)/ Somato-trophic Hormone(STH) v/ Follicle-stimulating hormone(FSH) v/ Luteinizing hormone(LH)/ Interstitial Cell stimulating Hormone(lCSH) Prolactin(LTH) FROM INTERMEDIATE PITUITARY- v/ Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH)
  2. D) E) F) G) H) l) J) K) H) FROM POSTERIOR PITUITARY- v/ Oxytocin v/ Vasopressin/ADH-Anti Diuretic Hormone FROM THYROID- v/ Thyroxin v/ Calcitonin v/ Tri-iodo-thyronin FROM ADRENAL MEDULLA- Adrenaline FROM ADRENAL CORTEX- v/ Mineralocorticoids v/ Glucocorticoids v/ Corticosteroids FROM ISLETS OF LANGE-RHANS OF PANCREAS- v/ Alpha cell- Glucagon v/ Beta cell- Insulin v/ Delta cell- Somatostatin FROM INTERSTITIAL CELLS OF TESTES- v/ Testosterone FROM GRAAFFIAN FOLLICLE OF OVARY- v/ Oestrogen/Estrogen FROM CORPUS LETUEM OF OVARY- Progesterone FROM ALL BODY CELLS- v/ Prostaglandin IMPORTANT HORMONES CONTROL HUMAN BODY-FUNCTIONS All hormones control different functions of human body but there are some hormones whose effects are very much important for healthy living. Some of them are — o o o o o INSULIN VASOPRESSIN/ADH/ANTI DIURETIC HORMONE GH/GROWTH HORMONE or STH/SOMATO TROPHIC HOORMONE THYROXIN & TRI-IODO-THYRONIN ADRENALIN TESTOSTERONE OESTROGEN
  3. o o INSULIN SOURCE- Beta cells of Islets of Langerhans of pancreas. Functions — 1) It inhibits Hepatic Glycogenolysis and Gluconeogenesis as-well-as promotes Glycogenesis to decrease the Plasma Glucose Level. 2) It inhibits Lipolysis in Adipose tissue. 3) It promotes peripheral utilisation of glucose. 4) It promotes protein synthesis. Mechanism of actions — It acts via TYROSINE KINASE RECEPTORS. Effects of deficiency or hyposecretion — 1) Hyperglycaemia i.e. increase in Plasma Glucose Level. ( >120mg/dl) 2) Glycosuria i.e. presence of Glucose in urine. ( if plasma glucose level >180mg/dl) 3) Diabetes mellitus DIABETES MELLITUS - A) Type INSULIN DEPENDANT DIABETES MELLITUS/IDDM ) In this, 90% of beta cells are damaged by autoimmune process that's why insulin production becomes less and thus the patient develops hyperglycaemia which in further progress, develops into Glycosuria and the diseased condition is called Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. B) Type NON-INSULIN DEPENDANT DIABETES MELLITUS/NIDDM ) In this, Insulin production is normal but there is increased hepatic production of glucose and resistance of peripheral tissues to the action of insulin. CLINICAL PICTURES IN DIABETIC PATIENT- Fasting Plasma Glucose level >120mg/dl. Random Plasma glucose level >120mg/dl must, and may be >180mg/dl. Hyperglycaemia Glycosuria in severe cases. Polyuria Polydipsia Anorexia COMPLICA - In uncontrolled cases, Diabetic ketoacidosis may occur, which can be fatal.
  4. o o TREATMENT- 1) Insulin therapy with various insulin preparations. 2) Oral Anti-diabetic drugs like TOLBUTAMIDE, GLIMEPERIDE, METFORMIN, ACARBOSE etc. VASOPRESSIN/ ANTI-DIURETIC HORMONE(ADH) SOURCE- Supraoptic and Paraventricular nuclei of Hypothalamus. Stored in Posterior pituitary or neuro-hypophysis. Functions — 1) It acts on late Distal Convoluted Tubule and Collecting Duct and promotes FACULTATTIVE WATER AND SODIUM ABSORPTION. 2) It elevated Blood Pressure by increasing blood sodium and Plasma volume. 3) It sometimes promotes vasoconstrictions. Mechanism of actions — It acts via G-PROTEIN COUPLED RECEPTORS (Vla, Vlb AND V2 RECEPTORS) Effects of deficiency or hyposecretion — Diabetes Insipidus DIABETES INSIPIDUS - A) CENTRAL DIABETES INSIPIDUS(NEUROGENIC) In this, decreased secretion of ADH occurs. E) RENAL DIABETES INSIPIDUS(NEFROGENIC) In this, ADH levels are normal but renal tubules fail to respond to ADH. CLINICAL PICTURES IN DIABETIC PATIENT- Polyuria More dilute urine Polydipsia Hypovolemia COMPLICA - In uncontrolled cases, blood pressure will be severely lower due to hypovolemia. TREATMENT- CHLORPROPAMIDE, INDOMETHACIN, THIAZIDES etc. are prescribed.
  5. Effects of hypersecretion — SYNDROME OF INAPPROPRIATE ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE SECRETION (SIADH) In this, increased ADH secretion leads to excessive water RETENTION. Effects- Anorexia, Nausea, Vomiting, Muscle cramps, Lethargy, Coma, Convulsions and Death. Treatment- Restricted Water intake and drugs like DEMECLOCYCLINE, CONIVAPTAN, and TOLVAPTAN etc. are given. GROWTH SOMATOTROPHIC HORMONE(STH) SOURCE- Anterior pituitary or adeno-hypophysis. Functions — 1) It has growth promoting effects. 2) It produces anabolic effects on muscle. 3) It maintains positive nitrogen balance and promotes utilization of fat. Regulation of actions — Its actions are regulated by hypothalamic hormone GHRH AND GHIH (SOMATOSTATIN). Effects of deficiency or hyposecretion — Dwarfism DWARFISM - It occurs if childhood secretion of GH is very much less or ineffective. Appearance of patient- short stature or height, underdeveloped organs. Treatment- Recombinant human GH (SOMATOTROPIN AND SOMATREM) is administered parenterally. Effects of hypersecretion — 1) GIGANTISM: It occurs in children and when childhood secretion of GH is excessive. • Appearance of patient- stature or height is very tall. Treatment-Somatostatin analogue like OCTREOTIDE & LANREOTIDE are prescribed. 2) ACROMEGALY: It occurs in adults due to increased secretion of GH.
  6. Appearance of patient- Lateral growth of joints Soft tissue swelling visibly resulting in enlargement of the hands, feet, nose, lips and ears, and a general thickening of the skin Soft tissue swelling of internal organs, notably the heart with attendant weakening of its muscularity, and the kidneys, also the vocal cords resulting in a characteristic thick, deep voice and slowing of speech Generalized expansion of the skull at the fontanelle. Pronounced brow protrusion, often with ocular distension (frontal bossing). Pronounced lower jaw protrusion (prognathism) with attendant macroglossia (enlargement of the tongue) and teeth spacing. Acrochordon (skin tags). Hypertrichosis, hyperpigmentation and hyperhidrosis may occur in these patients Treatment- OCTREOTIDE & LANREOTIDE. THYROXINE & TRI-IODO-THYRONINE SOURCE- Thyroid glands. Functions — 1) The thyroid hormones act on nearly every cell in the body 2) They act to increase the basal metabolic rate, affect protein synthesis, help regulate long bone growth (synergy with growth hormone) and neural maturation, and increase the body's sensitivity to catecholamines (such as adrenaline) by permissiveness. 3) The thyroid hormones are essential to proper development and differentiation of all cells of the human body. 4) These hormones also regulate protein, fat, and carbohydrate metabolism affecting how human cells use energetic compounds. 5) They also stimulate vitamin metabolism. 6) Thyroid hormone leads to heat generation in humans. 7) The thyronamines function via some unknown mechanism to inhibit neuronal activity; this plays an important role in the hibernation cycles of mammals and the moulting behaviour of birds. One effect of administering the thyronamines is a severe drop in body temperature Mechanism of actions — Thyroxine (T4) needs to be converted into Triiodothyronine (T3) as T3 is the active one.
  7. Regulation of actions- The secretion of these hormones are regulated by TSH secreted from Anterior pituitary or adeno-hypophysis and TRH secreted from hypothalamus. Effects of deficiency or hyposecretion — Hypothyroidism- CRETINISM in children and MYXOEDEMA in adults. HYPOTHYROIDISM - A) CRETINISM In this, decreased secretion of THYROID HORMONES occurs in children. MYXOEDEMA In this, decreased secretion of THYROID HORMONES occurs in ADULTS. o CLINICAL PICTURES IN HYPOTHYROIDISM PATIENT- Decreased BMR. Hypercholesterolemia and Hypertriglyceridemia Positive Nitrogen balance Weight gain Decreased heart rate, cardiac output, stroke volume Lethargy and mental confusion Mental retardation in children Stiffness and muscle fatigue Anorexia, constipation, ascites Decreased RNC production and Anaemia Puffy face, large tongue Pale ,dry skin and intolerance to cold with brittle hair and nail TREATMENT- Levothyroxine sodium etc. are prescribed. Effects of hypersecretion — Hyperthyroidism HYPERTHYROIDSIM- Its other name is Thyrotoxicosis It is also called GRAVES DISEASE It occurs due to increased thyroid hormone secretion CLINICAL PICTURES IN HYPERTHYROIDISM PATIENT- v/ Increased BMR GOITRE AND EXOPHTHALMOS v/ Decreased cholesterol and triglycerides
  8. Increased Glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis leading to hyperglycaemia Negative Nitrogen balance and Wasting of muscles Increased heart rate, cardiac output, stroke volume Nervousness and anxiety Anaemia due to increased RNC turnover Menstrual irregularities and decreased fertility Warm, moist skin and heat intolerance with fine thin hair Treatment- Antithyroid drugs like PROPYLTHIOURACIL, CARBIMAZOLE, IODINES, and LUGOL'S IODINE etc. are given. Complication- Thyrotoxic Crisis or Thyroid Storm is a severe condition. TESTOSTERONE AND OESTROGEN SOURCE- Testosterone- Interstitial cells of Testes. Oestrogen- Graaffian follicles of Ovary Functions — 1) Testosterone acts on male body and makes the body masculine. It makes body male like and increase muscle bulk. 2) Oestrogen acts on female body and makes body soft and feminine body. It promotes accumulation of fat beneath skin. It enhances the female characters of the body. 3) Oestrogen and Testosterone are hormones of adolescence. Regulation of actions — Their actions are regulated by hypothalamic hormone GnRH AND FSH,ICSH released from anterior pituitary. Effects of deficiency or hyposecretion — Due to Testosterone- v/ Under-developed male characters v/ Streak gonads v/ Undeveloped Testes v/ Low Sperm count/Oligospermia or Azoospermia v/ Infertility v/ Undeveloped penis and impotency In male Due to Oestrogen- Under-developed female characters Streak gonads Undeveloped Ovary Menorrhagia Dysmenorrhoea or Amenorrhoea
  9. Infertility Undeveloped female genital tract Treatments- Synthetic Androgens like Methyltestosterone etc. are given for Testosterone deficiency and synthetic oestrogens like Ethinyl Estradiol, Mestranol etc. are given for Oestrogen deficiency. Effects of hypersecretion- Increased secretion of Testosterone and Oestrogen can lead to Cancer transformation. Due to excess testosterone- Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Due to Oestrogen- Breast Cancer, Endometrial tumours, Ovarian Cancer etc. Treatments- For Testosterone- FINASTERIDE, DUTASTERIDE etc. are given For Oestrogen- TAMOXIFEN, RALOXIFEN etc. are given. UNIVERSAL SYMBOL FOR DIABETES
  10. Pituitary gland Muscle Bone growth Growth hormone rowth Liver IGF-I GH FUNCTIONS
  11. Thyroid system HypothalamuS Thyrotropin-releasing hormone Anterior pitu- (TRH) Thyroid-stimulating hormone Negative feedback (TSH) Thy d land Thyroid hormones (T3 and TO Increased me bolism Growth and development Increas catechplamine effect Main symptoms of Diabetes blue more comm n in Upe 1 Central Polyd psia Polyphagia -- Lethargy Stupor Systemic Weight loss - Kussmaul breathing (hyper- ventilation) Eyes Blurred vision Breath - Smell of acetone Gastric - Nausea - Vomiting - Abdominal pain Urinary - Polyuria - Glycosura SYMPTOMS OF DIABETES MELLITUS
  12. carnivorous Frog vegetarian T adpole EFFECTS OF THYROXINE ON TADPOLE hypothalamus GnRH pitu itary testicles testosterone HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY CONTROL OF KTETSTOSTERONE RELEASE
  13. Major Endocrine Glands Male Female Pituitary gland Thyroid gland Adrenal gland Testis Pineal gland Pancreas Ov ary MAJOR ENDOCRINE GLANDS NOVO Actrapid@ HM 100 insulinurn humanum biosyntheticum Pro s.c.. i.e. injekci. to voRa 1 roztok aspartum i intravenözni INSULIN PREPARATIONS
  14. CRETINISM MYXOEDEMA 9 coarse, sparse Lateral eyebrows thin edema Puffy dull face with dry skin
  15. CRETINISM GRAVES DISEASE (HYPERTHYROIDISM)
  16. EXOPHTHALMOS IN HYPERTHYROIDISM
  17. GOITRE AND EXOPHTHALMOS IN HYPERTHYROIDISM ACROMEGALY GIGANTISM
  18. TYPE 2 DIABETES • Sedentary Lifestyle • Familial Tendency • Average Age 50 Years • Fatigue Energy • Obese • Recurrent Infections Polyuria Polydipsia • FBS > 126 mg/dl 11 Anti- Hyper- tensive Chocolates... Rx Anti- biotic Ell urn,' vision • Increased hirst or the need to urinate Feeling tired or ill Recurring skin, gum , or bladder infections • Dry, itchy skin • Unexpected weight lass • Sl ow-haalire o-Jts or bruises • Loss of feel ine in fre feet or tirel ing feet SYMPTOMS OF DIABETES
  19. The Role of Estrogen and Progesterone ESTROGEN EFFECTS Builds up uterine lining Increases body fat Depression, headache/migraine Interferes with thyroid hormone Increases blood clotting Decreases libido Impairs blood sugar control Increases risk of endometrial cancer Increases risk of breast cancer PROGESTERONE EFFECTS Maintains uterine lining (secretory) Helps use fat for energy Anti-depressant Facilitates thyroid hormone action Normolizes blood clotting Restores libido Regulates blood sugar levels Protects from endometrial cancer Probable prevention of breast cancer BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA (BPH) SYMPTOMS Normal Prostate Complete emptying of the bladder Bladder Prostatic Hypertrophy Bladder Sphincter apparatus Urethra Urine Sphincter apparatus Urethra Incomplete emptying of the bladder Enlargement of the Prostate o z z o Prostate
  20. Chest wall Ribs Muscle-4- Cancer Stage 111B Breast Cancer Lymph nodes Fatty tissue Cancer Inflammatory breast cancer Functions of testosterone Skin • Facial & Body Hair • Hair Pattern Bone Marrow • Red Blood Cell Production Breastbone to 2012 Terese Winslow LLC u S Govt has certatn twqhts Brain • Mood • Sex Drive • Muscle mass and strength Reproductive System • Erectile Function • Sperm Production

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