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Computer Based Information System (CBIS)

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Published in: Management Subjects
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In this note we discuss about the characteristics ,scope ,evolution components of CBIS.

Bratati C / Kolkata

5 years of teaching experience

Qualification: M.Tech.(Computer Science)

Teaches: Computer Science, School Level Computer, Computer, IT, .Net, C / C++, C# (C Sharp)

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  1. Computer Based Information System (CBIS) A CBIS is an organised integration of hardware and software technologies and human elements designed to produce timely, integrated, accurate and useful information for decision making purposes. For any given application the following features must be present:- Easy to use interactive interfaces Touch screen ,GUl.Menu Driven Interface,Colour Screen,Buttons,Labels Voice Activated, Tones, on phones Use of advanced technologies Phone (inc WAP),digital television, Teleconferencing (audio, video and computer) Integration of voice, data and images through ISDN's (integrated services digital networks), Image transfer systems through facsimile Fast processing Searching (Google gives you search times),Looking up name in a database Rapid responses To input, To requests Connectivity: Internet Up to date and accessible from different sources Interactivity — Easy to interact with the internet Mobile Communications via satellites Global coverage Irrelevant location of either party — WAP phones A WAP enabled mobile can use its WAP browser to access pages coded in WML (Wireless Markup Language) — a language designed to take account of the limitations of mobile networks and phones. Video Conferencing Distance, time, jet lag — all irrelevant E-mail Global, not dependent on location Attachments Group Working ie Office Suite. Each application works easily within the same suite due to the engine that's employed. Software — editing changes, combined with other technologies — e-mail, WAP, digital TV Component of CBIS Hardware: The term hardware refers to machinery. This category includes the computer itself, which is often referred to as the central processing unit (CPU), and all of its support equipment's. Among the support equipment's are input and output devices, storage devices and communications devices. • Software: The term software refers to computer programs and the manuals (if any) that support them. Computer programs are machine-readable instructions that direct the circuitry within the hardware parts of the CBIS to function in ways that produce useful information from data. Programs are generally stored on some input / output medium-often a disk or tape. • Data: Data are facts that are used by program to produce useful information. Like programs, data are generally stored in machine-readable from on disk or tape until the computer needs them. • Procedures: procedures are the policies that govern the operation of a computer system.
  2. • People: Every CBIS needs people if it is to be useful. Often the most over-looked element of the CBIS is the people: probably the components that most influence the success or failure of information system. Types of Computer Based Information Systems: Top management Middle management first line management Clerical Personnel 1. Transaction Processing Systems DSS MIS TPS OAS The most fundamental computer based system in an organisation pertains to the processing of business transactions. A transaction processing system can be defined as a computer based system that captures, classifies, stores, maintains, updates and retrieves transaction data for record keeping and for input to other types of CBIS. Transaction Processing Systems are aimed at improving the routine business activities on which all organizations depend. A transaction is any event or activity that affects the whole organisation. Placing orders, billing customers, hiring of employees and depositing cheques are some of the common transactions. The types of transactions that occur vary from organisation to organisation. But this is true that all organisations process transactions as a major part of their daily business activities. The most successful organisations perform this work of transaction processing in a very systematic way. Transaction processing systems provide speed and accuracy and can be programmed to follow routines without any variance. 2. Management Information System
  3. Data processing by computers has been extremely effective because of several reasons. The main reason being that huge amount of data relating to accounts and other transactions can be processed very quickly. Earlier most of the computer applications were concerned with record keeping and the automation of routine clerical processes. However, in recent years, increasing attention has been focussed on computer applications providing information for policy making, management planning and control purposes. MIS are more concerned with management function. MIS can be described as information system that can provide all levels of management with information essential to the running of smooth business. This information must be as relevant, timely, accurate, complete and concise and economically feasible 3. Decision Support Systems It is an information system that offers the kind of information that may not be predictable, the kind that business professionals may need only once. These systems do not produce regularly scheduled management reports. Instead, they are designed to respond to a wide range of requests. It is true that all the decisions in an organisation are not of a recurring nature. Decision support systems assist managers who must make decisions that are not highly structured, often called unstructured or semi-structured decisions. A decision is considered unstructured if there are no clear procedures for making the decision and if not all the factors to be considered in the decision can be readily identified in advance. Judgement of the manager plays a vital role in decision making where the problem is not structured. The decision support system supports, but does not replace, judgement of manager. 4. Office Automation Systems Office automation systems are among the newest and most rapidly expanding computer based information systems. They are being developed with the hopes and expectations that they will increase the efficiency and productivity of office workers-typists, secretaries, administrative assistants, staff professionals, managers and the like. Many organisations have taken the First step toward automating their offices. Often this step involves the use of word processing equipment to facilitate the typing, storing, revising and printing of textual materials. Another development is a computer based communications system such as electronic mail which allows people to communicate in an electronic mode through computer terminals. An office automation system can be described as a multi-function,
  4. integrated computer based system that allows many office activities to be performed in an electronic mode. Categories of different information systems with their characteristics have been described briefly in table below. Category of Information System Transaction Processing System Management Information System Decision Support System Office Automation System Computer-system evaluation Characteristics Substitutes computer-based processing for manual processes. Includes record-keeping applications. Provides input to be used in the managerial decision process. Deals with supporting well structured decision situations. Typical information requirements can be anticipated Provides information to managers who make judgements about particular situations. Supports decision makes in situations that are not well structured. It is a multi-function, integrated computer based system, that allows many office activities to be performed in an electronic mode. The evaluation of performance, from the perspectives of both developers and users, of complex systems of hardware and software. Modern computer-based information systems have become increasingly complex because of networking, distributed computing, distributed and heterogeneous databases, and the need to store large quantities of data. People are
  5. relying increasingly on computer systems to support daily activities. When these systems fail, significant breakdowns may ensue. A computer system can fail in two major ways. First, functional failure occurs when the system fails to generate the correct results for a set of inputs. For example, if an information system fails to retrieve records that match a set of keywords, or if an air-missile tracking system fails to distinguish between a friendly and enemy missile, a functional failure has occurred. Second, performance failure occurs when the system operates correctly but fails to deliver the results in a timely fashion. For example, if an information system takes a longer time than users are willing to wait for the records they requested, the system is said to fail performance-wise even though it may eventually retrieve the correct set of records. Also, if the air-missile tracking system fails to detect an enemy missile in sufficient time to launch a counterattack, the system manifests performance failure. Therefore, in designing a computer system it is necessary to guarantee that the end product will display neither functional nor performance failure. It is then necessary to predict the performance of computer systems when they are under design and development, as well as to predict the impact of changes in configurations of existing systems. This requires the use of predictive performance models. The input parameters of performance models include workload intensity parameters, hardware and system parameters, and resource demand parameters. The outputs generated by performance models include response times, throughputs, utilization of devices, and queue lengths. There are analytic, simulation, and hybrid performance models. Analytic models are composed of a set of equations, or computational algorithms, used to compute the outputs from the input parameters. Simulation models are based on computer programs that emulate the behavior of a system by generating arrivals of so-called customers through a probabilistic process and by simulating their flow through the system. As these simulated entities visit the various system elements, they accumulate individual and system statistics. Hybrid models combine both analytic and simulation approaches by, for example, replacing an entire subsystem in an analytic model by an equivalent device whose input—output behavior is obtained by simulating the subsystem. Analytic models can be exact or approximate. Approximations are needed either when there is no known mathematically tractable exact solution or when the computation of an exact solution is very complex. Modern computer systems are very complex because of ubiquitous networking, distributed processing using client—server architectures, multiprocessing, and sophisticated input—output subsystems using network-attached storage devices. For this reason, most computer system performance models are approximate models. The design and development of complex software systems is a time-consuming and expensive task. Performance modeling techniques must be integrated into the software development methodology. This integrated approach is called software performance engineering. One goal is to estimate the resource consumption of software under development so that performance models can be used to influence the architecture of the software under development. Better estimates on the resource consumption are obtained as the software development process evolves. Scope Computer-based systems Complex systems in which computers play a major role. While complex physical systems and sophisticated software systems can help people to lead healthier and more enjoyable lives, reliance on these systems can also result in loss of money, time, and life when these systems fail. Much of the complexity of these systems is due to integration of information technology into physical and human activities. Such integration dramatically increases the interdependencies among components, people, and processes, and generates complex dynamics not taken into account in systems of previous generations. Engineers with detailed understanding both of the application domain and computer electronics, software, human factors, and communication are needed to provide a holistic approach to system development so that disasters do not occur. Engineering activities
  6. The computer-based systems engineer develops a system within a system; the properties of the former have pervasive effects throughout the larger system. The computer-based system consists of all components necessary to capture, process, transfer, store, display, and manage information. Components include software, processors, networks, buses, firmware, application-specific integrated circuits, storage devices, and humans (who also process information). Embedded computer-based systems interact with the physical environment through sensors and actuators, and also interact with external computer-based systems (see illustration). The computer-based systems engineer must have a thorough understanding of the system in which the computer-based system is embedded, for example an automobile, medical diagnostic system, or stock exchange. Model-based development Models are necessary in systems engineering as they support interdisciplinary communication, formalize system definition, improve analysis of trade-offs and decision making, and support optimization and integration. The use of models can reduce the number of errors in the design and thus the system, reduce engineering effort, and preserve knowledge for future efforts. Maintaining models with up-to-date knowledge is a major problem as most systems are not generated from models, although this should be an industry goal. During the later stages of system development and testing, significant schedule pressure makes it difficult to keep the models and manually developed software consistent

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