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SCIENCE CLASS IX

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  1. @ KEEN TUTORIALS CBSE Class 9 Science Revision Notes CHAPTER - 1 Matter in our Surroundings Anything that occupies space and has mass and is felt by senses is called matter. According to indian ancient philosphor, matter is the form of five basic elements (the Panchtatva) - air , earth ,fire , sky and water. Characteristics of particles of matter • Made of tiny particles. • Vacant spaces exist between particles. • Particles are in continuous motion. • Particles are held together by forces of attraction. States of Matter Basis of Classification of Types • Based upon particle arrangement • Based upon energy of particles • Based upon distance between particles Five states of matter 1. Solid 2. Liquid 3. Gas 4. Plasma 5. Bose-Einstein condensate (1) SOLID Fixed mass, volume and shape Inter-particle distances are least. Incompressible. High density and do not diffuse Inter particle forces of attraction are strongest. Constituent particles are very closely packed. (11) LIQUID 080 • Not fixed shape but fixed volume and mass. • Inter particle distances are larger than solid. Almost incompressible. is lower than solids and can diffuse. Densi ADD:- 42, STAR AVENUE,RAM TIRATH ROAD,AMRITSAR. B/S HARMAN SWEET SHOP.MS 0 4 1 S 9 8 8 8 9 Copyright 0 2006 KEEN TUTORIALS. All Rights Reserved.
  2. @ KEEN TUTORIALS • Inter particle forces of attraction are weaker than solids Constituent particles are less closely packed. (111) GAS Neither fixed shape nor fixed volume. Inter particle distances are largest. Highly compressible. Density is least and diffuse. Inter particle forces of attraction are weakest. Constituent particles are free to move about. (IV) PLASMA (NON-EVALUATIVE) • A plasma is an ionized gas. A plasma is a very good conductor of electricity and is affected by magnetic fields. • Plasma, like gases have an indefinite shape and an indefinite volume. Ex. Ionized gas (v) BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATE (non -evaluative) • ABEC is a state of matter that can arise at very low temperatures. • The scientists who worked with the Bose-Einstein condensate received a Nobel Prize for their work in 1995. • The BEC is all about molecules that are really close to each other (even closer than atoms in a solid). Microscopic Explanation for Properties of Solids • Solids have a definite shape and a definite volume because the particles are locked into place Solids do not flow easily because the particles cannot move/slide past one another Solids are not easily compressible because there is little free space between particles Microscopic Explanation for Properties of Liquids • Liquids are not easily compressibleand have a definite volume because there is little free space between particles. • Liquids flow easily because the particles can move/slide past one another. • Liquids flow easily because the particles can move/slide past one another. Microscopic Explanation for Properties of Gases Gases are easily compressible because there is a great deal of free space between particles Gases flow very easily because the particles randomly move past one another. Gases have an indefinite shape and an indefinite volume because the particles can move past one another (non —evaluative) Microscopic Explanation for Properties of Plasmas Plasmas have an indefinite shape and an indefinite volume because the particles can move past one another. Plasmas are easily compressible because there is a great deal of free space between particles. Plasmas are good conductors of electricity &are affected by magnetic fields because they are composed of lens. ADD:- 42, STAR AVENUE,RAM TIRATH ROAD,AMRITSAR. B/S HARMAN SWEET SHOP.MS 0 4 1 S 9 8 8 8 9 Copyright 0 2006 KEEN TUTORIALS. All Rights Reserved.
  3. @ KEEN TUTORIALS Microscopic Explanation for Properties of BEC • Particles are less energetic than solids because Exist at very low temperature. • Particles are literally indistinguishable because they are locked into same space . • BEC shows super fluidity because Particles can flow without friction. Interchange in states of matter 1 Water can exist in three states of matter - Solid, as ice, • Liquid, as the familiar water, and Gas, as water vapour. Sublimation The changing of solid directly into vapours on heating & vapours into solid on cooling. Ex. Ammonium chloride, camphor & iodine. (a) Effect of change in temperature The temperature effect on heating a solid varies depending on the nature of the solid & the conditions required in bringing the change. On increasing the temperature of solids, the kinetic energy of the particles increases which overcomes the forces of attraction between the particles thereby solid melts and is converted to a liquid. The temperature at which a solid melts to become a liquid at the atmospheric pressure is called its melting point. The melting point of ice is 273.16 K. The process of melting, that is, change of solid state into liquid state is also known as fusion. (b) Effect of Change of Pressure • Increasing or decreasing the pressure can change the state of matter. Applying pressure and reducing temperature can liquefy gases. • Solid carbon dioxide (C02) is stored under high pressure. Solid C02 gets converted directly to gaseous state on decrease of pressure to 1 atmosphere without coming into liquid state. This is the reason that solid carbon dioxide is also known as dry ice. Latent Heat : The hidden heat which breaks the force of attraction between the molecules during change of state. Fusion Heat energy required to change Ikg ofSOlid into liquid. Vaporisation Heat energy required to change Ikg of liquid to gas at atmospheric pressure at its boiling point Thus, we can say that pressure and temperature determine the state of a substance, whether it will be solid, liquid or gas. 4. Evaporation & Boiling Particles of matter are always moving and are never at rest. At a given temperature in any gas, liquid or solid, there are particles with different amounts of kinetic energy. In the case of liquids, a small fraction of particles at the surface, having higher kinetic energy, is able to break away from the forces of attraction of other particles and gets converted into vapour . This phenomenon of change of a liquid into vapours at any temperature below its boiling point is called evaporation. Factors Affecting Evaporation • The rate of evaporation increases with an increase of surface area. ADD:- 42, STAR AVENUE,RAM TIRATH ROAD,AMRITSAR. B/S HARMAN SWEET SHOP.MS 0 4 1 S 9 8 8 8 9 Copyright 0 2006 KEEN TUTORIALS. All Rights Reserved.
  4. @ KEEN TUTORIALS With the increase of temperature, more number of particles get enough kinetic energy to go into the vapour state. Humidity is the amount of water vapour present in air. The air around us cannot hold more than a definite amount of water vapour at a given temperature. If the amount of water in air is already high, the rate of evaporation decreases. Wind speed : the higher the wind speedmthe more evaporation. Evaporation cause cooling. • The particles of liquid absorb energy from the surrounding to regain the energy lost during evaporation, Evaporation Vs Boiling • Boiling is a bulk phenomenon. Particles fromüe bulk (whole) of the liquid change into vapour state. • Evaporation is a surface phenomenon. Particles from the surface gain enough energy to overcome the forces of attraction present in the liquid and change into the vapour state. 5. Kelvin & Celsius Scale Kelvin is the Sl unit oftemperature, OOC = 273.16 K we take ooc- 273 K. Sl unit of temperature is Kelvin. T(K) = T(OC) + 273 Kelvin scale of temperature has always positive sign , hence regarded as better scale than Celsius. Atmosphere (atm) is a unit of measuring pressure exerted by a gas. The SI unit of pressure is Pascal (Pa): 1 atmosphere = 1.01 x (10 to the power 5) Pa. The pressure of air in atmosphere is called atmospheric pressure. The atmospheric pressure at sea level is 1 atmosphere, and is taken as the normal atmospheric pressure. You are expected to know • Particle nature of matter. All five states of matter & their behaviour • enter conversion of states of matter • Latent heat Conversion between Kelvin scale & Celsius scale Physical Nature of Matter The size of the particles of matter is very small. 10 ml. 10 ml- 10 ml. Matter is particulate in nature. This means that matter consists of particles as you can see in the microscopic image of a cube above. matter particles ADD:- 42, STAR AVENUE,RAM TIRATH ROAD,AMRITSAR. B/S HARMAN SWEET SHOP.MS 0 4 1 S 9 8 8 8 9 Copyright 0 2006 KEEN TUTORIALS. All Rights Reserved.
  5. @ KEEN TUTORIALS According to the early Indian philosophers, every living and non-living thing is made of five basic elements called the Panchtatva - Air, Water, Earth, Sky, and Fire. Therefore, matter is a composition of these five constituents. According to an Indian ancient philosopher, the matter is in the form of five basic elements (the Panchtatva) - air, earth, fire, sky, and water. Anything that occupies space and has mass andis felt by senses is called matter. Characteristics of Particles of Matter Microscopic Explanation for Properties ofSolids • Solids have a definite shape and a definite volume because the particles are locked into place. Solids do not flow easily because the particles cannot move/slide past one another. • Solids are not easily compressible because there is little free space between particles. Microscopic Explanation for Properties of Liquids • Liquids are not easilycompressible and have a definite volume because there is little free space between particles. • Liquids flow easily because the particles can move/slidé past one another. • Liquids flow easily because the particles can move/slide past one another. Microscopic Explanation for Properties of Gases • Gases are easily compressible because there isa great deal of free space between particles. • Gases flow very easily because the particles randomly move past one another. • Gases have an indefinite shape and an indefinite volume because the particles can move past one another (non -evaluative) Particles of Matter have Space between them: When we dissolve sugar in a glass of water, the volume of water remains the same and does not increase. This shows that there are spaces between the particles of water into which the particles of sugar fit together. Water PartK:les 01 Water magnißed Particles of Matter are Continuously Moving: Particles of matter are continuously moving, that is, they possess kinetic energy. As the temperature rises, particles move faster. Particles of Matter Attract Each Other: There are some forces of attraction between the particles of matter which bind them together. The force of attraction between the particles of the same substance is known as cohesion. The ADD:- 42, STAR AVENUE,RAM TIRATH ROAD,AMRITSAR. B/S HARMAN SWEET SHOP.MS 0 4 1 S 9 8 8 8 9 Copyright 0 2006 KEEN TUTORIALS. All Rights Reserved.
  6. @ KEEN TUTORIALS force of attraction is maximum in the particles of solid matter and minimum in the particles of gaseous matter. The process of mixing two different types of particles together is called diffusion. Diffusion becomes faster on heating. The kinetic energy of particles also increases on heating. o o 0 40 Before diffusion Properties of liquids: o o After diffusion o • Liquids have a fixed volume but they have no fixed shape. • Like solids, liquids cannot be compressed much. • Liquids have moderate to high densities. They are usually less dense than solids. • They do not fill their container completely. • They generally flow easily. Characteristics of particles of matter • Made of tiny particles. • Vacant spaces exist between particles. • Particles are in continuous motion. • Particles are held together by forces of attraction. States of Matter States of Matter Basis of Classification of Types • Based upon particle arrangement. • Based upon energy of particles. • Based upon distance between particles. GAS • Neither fixed shape nor fixed volume. • Interparticle distances are largest. Highly compressible. • Density is least and diffuse. • Interparticle forces of attraction are weakest. • Constituent particles are free to move about. PLASMA (NON-EVALUATIVE) • A plasma is an ionized gas. A plasma is a very good conductor of electricity and is affected by magnetic fields. • Plasma, like gases have an indefinite shape and an indefinite volume. Ex. Ionized gas BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATE (non -evaluative) • ABEC is a state of matter that can arise at very low temperatures. ADD:- 42, STAR AVENUE,RAM TIRATH ROAD,AMRITSAR. B/S HARMAN SWEET SHOP.MS 0 4 1 S 9 8 8 8 9 Copyright 0 2006 KEEN TUTORIALS. All Rights Reserved.
  7. @ KEEN TUTORIALS The scientists who worked with the Bose-Einstein condensate received a Nobel Prize for their work in 1995. The BEC is all about molecules that are really close to each other (even closer than atoms in a solid). Microscopic Explanation for Properties of BEC • Particles are less energetic than solids because Exist at very low temperature. • Particles are literally indistinguishable because they are locked into same space • BEC shows superfluidity because Particles can flow without friction. Three state of matter o e 0 00 c co o Solid Liquid On the basis of physical states, all the matter can be classified into three groups - solids, liquids and gases. Sugar, sand, iron, wood, rocks, minerals and ice are the examples of solids. Water, milk, oil, kerosene, petrol and alcohol are liquids. Air, oxygen, hydrogen, carbon dioxide and steam are gases. Properties of solids: • Solids have a fixed shape and a fixed volume. • Solids cannot be compressed much. • Solids have high densities. They are heavy. • Solids do not fill their container completely. • Solids do not flow. Properties of liquids: solid Liquid Gas Liquids have a fixed volume but they have no fixed shape. Like solids, liquids cannot be compressed much. Liquids have moderate to high densities. They are usually less dense than solids. They do not fill their container completely. They generally flow easily. ADD:- 42, STAR AVENUE,RAM TIRATH ROAD,AMRITSAR. B/S HARMAN SWEET SHOP.MS 0 4 1 S 9 8 8 8 9 Copyright 0 2006 KEEN TUTORIALS. All Rights Reserved.
  8. @ KEEN TUTORIALS LIQUID 4 Not fixed shape but fixed volume and mass. Inter particle distances are larger than solid. Almost incompressible. Density is lower than solids and can diffuse. Interparticle forces of attraction are weaker than solids. Constituent particles are less closely packed. SOLID Fixed mass, volume and shape Inter-particle distances are least. Incompressible. High density and do not diffuse Interparticle forces of attraction are strongest. Constituent particles are very closely packed. Five states of matter 111. v. Solid Liquid Gas Plasma Bose-Einstein condensate Can Matter Change its State? Microscopic Explanation for Properties of PlåSmas • Plasmas have an indefinite shape and an indefinite volume because the particles can move past one another. • Plasmas are easily compressible because there is a great deal of free space between particles. • Plasmas are good conductors of electricity & are affected by magnetic fields because they are composed of lens. Effect of change in temperature On increasing the temperature of solids, the kinetic energy of the particles increases which overcomes the forces of attractionbetween the particles thereby solid melts and is converted to a liquid. The temperature at which solid melts to become a liquid at the atmospheric pressure is called its melting point. The melting point of ice is 273.16 K. The process of melting, and changing a solid state into a liquid form is also known as fusion. ADD:- 42, STAR AVENUE,RAM TIRATH ROAD,AMRITSAR. B/S HARMAN SWEET SHOP.MS 0 4 1 S 9 8 8 8 9 Copyright 0 2006 KEEN TUTORIALS. All Rights Reserved.
  9. @ KEEN TUTORIALS Effect of Change of Pressure • Increasing or decreasing the pressure can change the state of matter. Applying pressure and reducing temperature can liquefy gases. Solid carbon dioxide (C02) is stored under high pressure. Solid C02 gets converted directly to gaseous state on decrease of pressure to 1 atmosphere without coming into liquid state. This is the reason that solidcarbon dioxide is also known as dry ice. Fusion Heat energy required to change 1 kg of solid into liquid. Matter can change its state from solid to liquid and from liquid to gas and vice-versa. heat Solid Liquid freeze heat Gas cool in The temperature at which solid melts to form liquid in Liquid changes into solid Vapours Chan ges into liquid The change Of vapours into solid (directly) The temperature at which a liquid boils to form vapours The change Of solid directly into gas or vapours . Exposed surtace Area 2. Increase in temperature 3. llumidity Wind velocity 4. ADD:- 42, STAR AVENUE,RAM TIRATH ROAD,AMRITSAR. B/S HARMAN SWEET SHOP.MS 0 4 1 S 9 8 8 8 9 Copyright 0 2006 KEEN TUTORIALS. All Rights Reserved.
  10. @ KEEN TUTORIALS Physical state change by changing temperature Thermometer Stirrer —Calorimeter Ice cu (a) Melting of ice to form water Thermometer Glass rod Round Bottom stand Water Tripod stand Burner (b) Boiling of water to form water vapour Physical state change by changing pressure If we compress a gas in a cylinder, the distance between the particles of gas is reduced and finally gas is liquefied on lowering temperature i quid S ion 1 atmosphere = 1.01 x (10 to the power 5) Pa. The pressure of air in atmosphere is called atmospheric pressure. The atmospheric pressure at sea level is 1 atmosphere, and is taken as the normal atmospheric pressure. ADD:- 42, STAR AVENUE,RAM TIRATH ROAD,AMRITSAR. B/S HARMAN SWEET SHOP.MS 0 4 1 S 9 8 8 8 9 Copyright 0 2006 KEEN TUTORIALS. All Rights Reserved.
  11. @ KEEN TUTORIALS Latent Heat: The hidden heat which breaks the force of attraction between the molecules during change of state. Sublimation: The changing of solid directly into vapours on heating & vapours into solid on cooling. Ex. Ammonium chloride, camphor & iodine. Interchange in states of matter Water can exist in three states of matter- • Solid, as ice, • Liquid, as the familiar water, and Gas, as water vapour. Evaporation Evaporation & Boiling Particles of matterare always moving and are never at rest. At a given temperature in any gas, liquid or solid, there are particles with different amounts of kinetic energy. In the case of liquids, a small fraction of particles at the surface, having higher kinetic energy, is able to break away from the forces of attraction of other particles and gets converted into vapour. This phenomenon of change of a liquid into vapours at any temperature below its boiling point is called evaporation. Factors Affecting Evaporation The rate of evaporation increases with an increase of surface area. With the increase of temperature, more number of particles get enough kinetic energy to go into the vapour state. Humidity is the amount of water vapour present in air. The air around us cannot hold more than a definite amount of water vapour at a given temperature. If the amount of water in air is already high, the rate of evaporation decreases. Wind speed: the higher the wind speed, the more evaporation. Evaporation Vs Boiling • Boiling is a bulk phenomenon. Particles from the bulk (whole) of the liquid change into vapour state. • Evaporation is a surface phenomenon. Particles from the surface gain enough energy to overcome the forces of attraction present in the liquid and change into the vapour state. Kelvin scale of temperature has always positive sign, hence regarded as better scale than Celsius. Factors affecting evaporation. An increase in surface area increases evaporation. An increase in temperature increases the rate of evaporation. A decrease in humidity increases the rate of evaporation. An increase in wind speed increases the rate of evaporation. ADD:- 42, STAR AVENUE,RAM TIRATH ROAD,AMRITSAR. B/S HARMAN SWEET SHOP.MS 0 4 1 S 9 8 8 8 9 Copyright 0 2006 KEEN TUTORIALS. All Rights Reserved.
  12. @ KEEN TUTORIALS The Five States of Matter Bose-Einstein Condensate (BEC): BEC is the fifth state of matter discovered by Albert Einstein based on the studies conducted by an Indian scientist Satyendra Nath Bose. BEC is formed by condensing gases of extremely low densities to much lower temperatures. Humidity is the amount of water vapour present in air. When the humidity of air is high, then the rate of evaporation is low, and water evaporates very slowly. The rate of evaporation of a liquid increases with increasing wind speed. Plasma: It is a state of matter in which the particles are super excited and super energetic. They are in the form of ionised gases. Example of Plasma are Fluorescent tubes and neon light bulbs consist of plasma Evaporation: The phenomenon of changing of a liquid into its vapour state at any temperature below its boiling point is called evaporation. Evaporation is a surface phenomenon. Atmosphere (atm) is a unit of measuring pressure exerted by a gas. The SI unit of pressure is Pascal (Pa): Sl unit of temperature is Kelvin.4(K) = TOC) + 273 Evaporation cause cooling The particles of liquid absorb energy from the surrounding to regain the energy lost during evaporation. Vaporisation Heat energy required to change 1 kg of liquid to gas at atmospheric pressure at its boiling point. Thus, we can say that pressure and temperature determine the state of a substance, whether it will be solid, liquid or gas. Uncategorized Kelvin is the unit of temperature, O oc = 273.16 K we take O oc = 273 K. ADD:- 42, STAR AVENUE,RAM TIRATH ROAD,AMRITSAR. B/S HARMAN SWEET SHOP.MS 0 4 1 S 9 8 8 8 9 Copyright 0 2006 KEEN TUTORIALS. All Rights Reserved.

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