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SCIENCE 10TH (LIGHT - PHYSICS )

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Keen T / Amritsar

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  1. @ KEEN TUTORIALS CBSE Class 10 Science Revision Notes CHAPTER - 10 LIGHT REFLECTION & REFRACTION Light is a form of energy, which gives us the power ofvision. In this chapter we will study the phenomena of reflection and refraction using the property of light i.e. straight line propagation (Light wave travel from one point to another, along a straight line). Ray of light : It is a line in the direction of movement of light. Beam of light : It is bucnh of rays of light. Parallel beam : All the rays are parallel. Reflection of Light When the light is allowed to fall on highly polished surface, such as mirror, most of the light gets reflected. Laws of Reflection 1. The angle of incidence is always equal to angle of reflection. 2. The incident ray, reflected ray and the normal to the reflecting surface at the point of incidence lie in the same plane. Image formed by Plane Mirror (Plane reflecting surface) 1. Virtual (imaginary) & Erect The image that do not form on screen. Real images can be recorded on the screen. 2. Laterally inverted (The left side of object appear on right side of image) 3. The size of image is equal to that of object. 4. The image formed is as far behind the mirror as the object is in front of it. ADD:- 42, STAR AVENUE,RAM TIRATH ROAD,AMRITSAR. B/S HARMAN SWEET SHOP.MS 0 4 1 S 9 8 8 8 9 Copyright 0 2006 KEEN TUTORIALS. All Rights Reserved.
  2. @ KEEN TUTORIALS Reflection of light by spherical Mirrors Mirrors, whose reflecting surface are curved inward or outward spherically are called spherical mirror. For example - Spoon —i The curved surface of shinning spoon can be considered as curved rmrror. side side Convex mirror Concave Mirror OR DIVERGING MIRROR OR CONVERGING MIRROR If it is curved inward *Act as concave mirror If it is curved outward —i Act as a convex mirror. Few Basic terms related to Spherical Mirror Radius of curvature Axis Principal Axis Concave M irror focal length Radius Of curvature c focal length Convex M irror 1. Principal axis : Line joining the pole and centre of curvature of the spherical mirror. 2. Pole : The geometrical central point of the reflecting spherical surface. (aperture), denoted by (P). 3. Aperture : The width of reflecting spherical surface. 4. Centre of curvature : The centre of the hollow glass sphere of which the spherical mirror is a part is called as centre of curvature. 5. Radius of curvature : The distance between the pole and the centre of curvature. i.e. PC = R or The radius of the hollow sphere of which the mirror is a part. 6. Focus point The point on the principal axis, where all parallel rays meet after reflection is called as Principal Focus or Focus. It is denoted by letter 'F'. Focal length : The distance between the pole and focus point i.e. PF = f 7. 8. Relationship between focal length and Radius of curvature. F = ADD:- 42, STAR AVENUE,RAM TIRATH ROAD,AMRITSAR. B/S HARMAN SWEET SHOP.MS 0 4 1 S 9 8 8 8 9 Copyright 0 2006 KEEN TUTORIALS. All Rights Reserved.
  3. @ KEEN TUTORIALS Image Formation by Spherical Mirror Before we learn the formation of image or ray diagram, let us go through few tips (a) Remember, a ray of light which is parallel to principle axis always pass through focus (meet at focus) or vice-versa. Axis pri Ax is CO NC AVE MIRROR ne Ipa CONCAVE MIRROR MIRROR (b) A ray of light which passes through centre of curvature (it is also known as normal at the point of incidence on spherical mirror) will retrace their path after reflection. Principal Axis Principal C (P) CONCAVE MIRROR CONVEX MIRROR (c) A ray of light falling on pole get reflected at the same angle on the other side of principal axis. ADD:- 42, STAR AVENUE,RAM TIRATH ROAD,AMRITSAR. B/S HARMAN SWEET SHOP.MS 0 4 1 S 9 8 8 8 9 Copyright 0 2006 KEEN TUTORIALS. All Rights Reserved.
  4. @ KEEN TUTORIALS Note : A ray of light passes through centre of curvature of reflecting spherical surface always act as normal at the point of incidence. If we know the normal we can draw angle of incidence and angle of reflection c Note 1 : The image will only form when two or more rays meets at a point. Image formation by a concave mirror for different position of the object. The ray diagrams given in NCERT Books are also good to be followed. Image Formation by Concave Mirror At infinity Beyond C P PositiQLßf At focus Size of Real and Inverted 2. Highly diminished (point size) p Between Size of Small Real and Inverted ADD:- 42, STAR AVENUE,RAM TIRATH ROAD,AMRITSAR. B/S HARMAN SWEET SHOP.MS 0 4 1 S 9 8 8 8 9 Copyright 0 2006 KEEN TUTORIALS. All Rights Reserved.
  5. @ KEEN TUTORIALS 3. 4. Object At C Obigct Between C&F c Image c Between F&P (Special Case) c P 6. Position of At C Size of Same Size of object Eesi!igm.gf Image Beyond C Size of Image Enlarged itto At (infinity) Size of Image Highly enlarged E-esi.LiQL-Qf-lmagg Behind the minor Enlarged Real and Inverted Real and Inverted Nature Real and Inverted NA.:urg Virtual and Erect ADD:- 42, STAR AVENUE,RAM TIRATH ROAD,AMRITSAR. B/S HARMAN SWEET SHOP.MS 0 4 1 S 9 8 8 8 9 Copyright 0 2006 KEEN TUTORIALS. All Rights Reserved.
  6. @ KEEN TUTORIALS Image formation by Convex Mirror Object At infinity Sizeoflm age Uig Oly dim inis Ded c Nature Virtual&erect Positionoflm age A tfocus 2. Anywhere between infinity and p. lc A of the mirror Positionoflm age BetweenP&F Uses of Concave Mirror Sizeoflm age Verysmall Nature Virtual&erect 1 Used in torches, search light and headlight of vehicle. 2. Used to see large image of face as shaving mirror 3. Used by dentist to see large images of the teeth 4. Large concave mirror used to focus sunlight (heat) in solar furnaces. Uses of Convex Mirror Used as rear-view mirror in vehicles because it gives erect image. Italso helps the driver to view large area. Sign Convention for Reflection by Spherical Mirror 1. The object is always placed to the left side of mirror. 2. All distance should be measured from pole (P); parallel to principal axis. 3 . Take 'P' as origin. Distances measured Right of the origin (+x-Axis) are taken positive Left of the origin (-x-Axis) are taken negative ADD:- 42, STAR AVENUE,RAM TIRATH ROAD,AMRITSAR. B/S HARMAN SWEET SHOP.MS 0 4 1 S 9 8 8 8 9 Copyright 0 2006 KEEN TUTORIALS. All Rights Reserved.
  7. @ KEEN TUTORIALS Perpendicular to and above principal axis (+Y-Axis) are taken positive Perpendicular to and below principal axis (-y-Axis) are taken negative 0 —x Mirror Formula (Cartesian system) f —i distance between F and Pole v -9 distance of image from Pole u -9 distance of object from Pole R -i distance between centre of curvature and pole. Where Magnification It is expressed as the ratio of the height of the image to height of the object heightofimage hi heightofobject — h From 1 and 2 equation — When //1—» image height from principle axis. hl—+ Object height from principle axis If magnification m > I Image is magnified Image is of same size Image is diminished. Few ti s to remember si convention for S herical mirror CONCAVE CONVEX h — is always +ve -ve(real) ve(real) ve(real) +ve virtual h' - is +ve for virtual , -ve for Real. Refraction of Light Refraction of Light : Happens in Transparent medium when a light travels from one medium to another, refraction takes place. ADD:- 42, STAR AVENUE,RAM TIRATH ROAD,AMRITSAR. B/S HARMAN SWEET SHOP.MS 0 4 1 S 9 8 8 8 9 Copyright 0 2006 KEEN TUTORIALS. All Rights Reserved.
  8. @ KEEN TUTORIALS A ray of light bends as it moves from one medium to another Refraction is due to change in the speed of light as it enters from one transparent medium to another. Speed of light decreases as the beam of light travel from rarer medium to the denser medium. Rarer n*dium medium Refracted Ray Dense medium Rarer medium When ray travel from it bends When ray travel from medium it towards normal after re fraction away from normal Some Commonly observed phenomenon due to Refraction Your eyes. Rainbows. Light bending in a glass of water. Glasses. Camera lenses. Object dislocation in water. Binoculars.. Refraction through a Rectangular Glass Slab Incident ray ray Here light ray changes is direction at O and O' , the point at the interface of (Emergent Ray transparent medium. Air i Rarer Mcdium) Glass ( Denser Medium) Air (Rarer Medium) 'c d lateral displacement When a incident ray of light AO passes from a rarer medium (air) to adenser medium (glass) at point. O on interface KL it will bends towards the normal. At pt01, on interface NM the light ray entered from denser medium(glass) to rarer medium (air) here the light ray will bend away from normal 001 is a refracted ray 01B is an emergent ray. If the incident ray is extended to C, we will observe that emergent ray 01B I parallel to incident ray. The ray will slightly displaced laterall after refraction. ADD:- 42, STAR AVENUE,RAM TIRATH ROAD,AMRITSAR. B/S HARMAN SWEET SHOP.MS 0 4 1 S 9 8 8 8 9 Copyright 0 2006 KEEN TUTORIALS. All Rights Reserved.
  9. @ KEEN TUTORIALS Note : When a ray of light is incident normally to the interface of two media it will go straight, without any deviation. Laws of Refraction of Light The incident ray, the refracted ray and the normal to the interface of two transparent media at the point of incidence, all lie in the same plane. • The ratio of sine of angle of incidence to the sine of angle of refraction is a constant i.e. Sini = constan t(r) S inr For given colour and pair of media, this law is also known as Snell's Law Constant n is the refractive index for a given pair ofxnedium. It is the refractive index of the second medium with repect to first medium. n Sin r n, Refractive Index Where 2 is for second medium and I is for first med:um The refractive index of glass with respect to air is given by ratio of speed of light in air to the speed of light in glass. speedoflightofair speedoflightinglass — v Speed of light in vacuum = speed of light in air is marginally less, compared to that in vacuum. Refractive index of air with respect to glass is given by Speedo/ lighting lass v a —+ air (g ag — Speedoflightinair —y glass Refractive index of water (nw) = 1.33 Refractive index of water (ng) = 1.52 Spherical Lens A transparent material bound by two surfaces, of which one or both surfaces are spherical, forms a lens. Convex lens Concave lens 1. Bulging outwards 1. Bulging inwards. 2. Converging lens. 2. Diverging lens. Concave Lens A lens bounded by two spherical surfaces, curved inwards is known asdouble concave lens (or simply concave lens) ADD:- 42, STAR AVENUE,RAM TIRATH ROAD,AMRITSAR. B/S HARMAN SWEET SHOP.MS 0 4 1 S 9 8 8 8 9 Copyright 0 2006 KEEN TUTORIALS. All Rights Reserved.
  10. @ KEEN TUTORIALS It is also known as diverging lens because it diverges the light. Few Basic Terms Related to Spherical Lens c. c, c: centre (O) Optical (O) 1. Centre of curvature : A lens, either a convex lens or a concave lens is combination of two spherical surfaces. Each of these surfaces forma part of sphere. The centre of these two spheres are called centre of curvature represented by Cl and C2 2. Principal axis :lmaginary straight line passing through the two centres of curvature 3. Optical Centre : The central point of lens is itsoptical centre (O). A ray of light, when passes through 'O' it remains undeviated i.e. it goes straight. 4. Aperture : The effective diameter of the circular outline of a spherical lens. 5. Focus of lens : Beam of light parallel to principal axis, after refraction from 1. Convex lens, converge to the point on principal axis, denoted by F, known as Principal focus Axis ADD:- 42, STAR AVENUE,RAM TIRATH ROAD,AMRITSAR. B/S HARMAN SWEET SHOP.MS 0 4 1 S 9 8 8 8 9 Copyright 0 2006 KEEN TUTORIALS. All Rights Reserved.
  11. @ KEEN TUTORIALS 2. Concave lens, appear to diverge from a point on the principal axis known as principal focus. The distance OF2 and OFI is called as focal length Tips for Drawaomg Ray Diagram Axis 1. After refraction, a ray parallel to principal axis will pass through F 2. A ray passes through F, after refraction will emerge parallel to principal axis Prim-i I F: Pnrvipal Axis (c) A ray passes through optical centre O, passes without any deviation. F, Image formation by a convex lens for various position of object At infinity 2. Ohject Beyond 2F, Axis Real & inverted Nature Real & inverted o Position of At focus Size of Image Highly diminished (point size) Position of Image Between F: & 2F: Small ADD:- 42, STAR AVENUE,RAM TIRATH ROAD,AMRITSAR. B/S HARMAN SWEET SHOP.MS 0 4 1 S 9 8 8 8 9 Copyright 0 2006 KEEN TUTORIALS. All Rights Reserved.
  12. KEEN TUTORIALS At 2FI Between 2F 2 s. At focus FJ 6. (Special Case) Between F, and optical centre 'O' position of Image On the same side of the object o Position of Image At 2F: Size Of Image Same size of object Real & inverted A' F, 2. 225.1.uen-Qf—Lm.agg Beyond 2 F: Size of Image Enlarged 2.2±iLin-QLlmagg at infinity Size Of Highly Enlarged Real & inverted Real & inverted o A' Size of Enlarged Virtual & Erect ADD:- 42, STAR AVENUE,RAM TIRATH ROAD,AMRITSAR. B/S HARMAN SWEET SHOP.MS 0 4 1 S 9 8 8 8 9 Copyright 0 2006 KEEN TUTORIALS. All Rights Reserved.
  13. @ KEEN TUTORIALS Image Formation by Concave Lens Obiect At infinity 2. QiiCA Between infinity and optical centre (at any point) 2 Position of Imaæ Nature At F, Virtual & Size of Image Highly Diminished Position of image Between F , & O Very small Virtual & Erect Sign Convention for Refraction by Spherical Lens Similar to that of spherical mirror, only the difference is thatall the measurement are made from optical centre 'O' y—axis — x-axis — y—axis Lens formula v u 'O' -i optical centre f • distance bet'Åten F and 'O' u • distance ofobject from 'O' v • distance ofimage from '0' R. distance between centre ofcumture & '0' ADD:- 42, STAR AVENUE,RAM TIRATH ROAD,AMRITSAR. B/S HARMAN SWEET SHOP.MS 0 4 1 S 9 8 8 8 9 Copyright 0 2006 KEEN TUTORIALS. All Rights Reserved.
  14. @ KEEN TUTORIALS Magnification It is defined as the ratio of the height of image to the height of object heightofimage hi heightofobject — h It is also related to 'u' & 'v' From equation (1) & (2) If magnifi cation m > l,then image is magnified hi — imageheightfromprincipalaxis h — objectheightfromprincipalaxix m = 1 ,image is of same size m < 1, image is diminished Few Ti s to Remember Si CONCAVE CONVEX h is always +ve ve ve ve Convention for S herical Lens -ve virtual ima e alwa s +ve(real) -ve virtual h' -ve for Real and +ve for Virtual &Errect. Power of Lens The degree of convergence or divergence of light ray achieved by a lensis known as power of a lens. It is defined as the reciprocal ofits focal length Represented by P: If F is given in meter, then 1 If F is given in cm , then 100 SI unit of power of a lens is "diopter" denoted by'D' I diopter or ID —i It is the power of lens whose focal length is I m OR ID- : fis •ve Power of convave lens or diverging lens is always negative f is—ve o ADD:- 42, STAR AVENUE,RAM TIRATH ROAD,AMRITSAR. B/S HARMAN SWEET SHOP.MS 0 4 1 S 9 8 8 8 9 Copyright 0 2006 KEEN TUTORIALS. All Rights Reserved.
  15. @ KEEN TUTORIALS If any optical instrument has many lens, then net power will be What you have learnt Light seems to travel in straight lines. Mirrors and lenses form images of objects. Images can be either real or virtual, depending on the position of the object The reflecting surfaces, of all types, obey the laws of reflection. The refracting surfaces obey the laws of refraction. New Cartesian Sign Conventions are followed for spherical mirrors and lenses. v ul igives the relationship between the object-distance (u), Mirror formula, — + — = image-distance (v), and focal length (f) of a spherical mirror. The focal length of a spherical mirror is equal to half its radius of curvature. The magnification produced by a spherical mirror is the ratio of the height of the image to the height of the object. A light ray travelling obliquely from a denser medium to a rarer medium bends away from the normal. A light ray bends towards the normal when it travels obliquely from a rarer to a denser medium. Light travels in vacuum with an enormous speed of 3x108 m s-1. The speed of light is different in different media. The refractive index of a transparent medium is the ratio of the speed of light in vacuum to that in the medium In case of a rectangular glass slab, the refraction takes place at both air-glass interface and glass-air interface. The emergent ray is parallel to the direction of incident ray. Lens formula, - — — = -gives the relationship between the object-distance (u), image- distance (v), and the focal length (f) of a spherical lens. Power of a lens is the reciprocal of its focal length. The SI unit of power of a lens is dioptre. ADD:- 42, STAR AVENUE,RAM TIRATH ROAD,AMRITSAR. B/S HARMAN SWEET SHOP.MS 0 4 1 S 9 8 8 8 9 Copyright 0 2006 KEEN TUTORIALS. All Rights Reserved.