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GMAT Verbal Introduction

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Published in: GMAT
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GMAT can be daunting in the beginning. The first step towards GMAT world should be to know what would you experience in this world. Most GMAT students do not have touch with a college education for years, making one procrastinate the preparation. Let's see here what to expect and relax before entering the GMAT world of surprises. We will soon be visiting techniques of solving three types of GMAT questions- SC- Sentence correction- learn grammar rules again CR- Critical reasoning- make your logic strong RC- Reading comprehension- learn to identify question types and pace well.

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  1. 21-1 According to analysts, an alliance between three major personal computer companies and most of the nation's largest local telephone companies would enable customers to receive Internet data over regular telephone lines with speeds much higher than is currently possible. A. with speeds much higher than is B. with speeds that are much higher than are C. at much higher speeds as are D. at much higher speeds than that E. at speeds much higher than are 21-2 Thelonious Monk, who was a jazz pianist and composer, produced a body of work both rooted in the stride-piano tradition of Willie (The Lion) Smith and Duke Ellington, yet in many ways he stood apart from the mainstream jazz repertory. A. Thelonious Monk, who was a jazz pianist and composer, produced a body of work both rooted B. Thelonious Monk, the jazz pianist and composer, produced a body of work that was rooted both C. Jazz pianist and composer Thelonious Monk, who produced a body of work rooted D. Jazz pianist and composer Thelonious Monk produced a body of work that was rooted E. Jazz pianist and composer Thelonious Monk produced a body of work rooted both 21-3 Highway Official: When resurfacing our concrete bridges, we should use electrically conductive concrete (ECC) rather than standard concrete. In the winter, ECC can be heated by passing an electric current through it, thereby preventing ice buildup. The cost of the electricity needed is substantially lower than the cost of the de-icing salt we currently use.
  2. Taxpayer: But construction costs for ECC are much higher than for standard concrete, so your proposal is probably not justifiable on economic grounds. Which of the following, if true, could best be used to support the highway official 's proposal in the face of taxpayer's objection? A. B. C. D. E. 21-4 The use of de-icing salt causes corrosion of the reinforcing steel in concrete bridge decks and damage to the concrete itself, thereby considerably shortening the useful life of concrete bridges. Severe icing conditions can cause power outages and slow down the work of emergency crews trying to get power restored. In weather conditions conducive to icing, ice generally forms on the concrete surfaces of bridges well before it forms on parts of the roadway that go over solid ground. Aside from its potential use for de-icing bridges, ECC might also be an effective means of keeping other concrete structures such as parking garages and airport runways ice free. If ECC were to be used for a bridge surface, the electric current would be turned on only at times at which ice was likely to form. Which of the following most logically completes the passage? Appendicitis (inflammation of the appendix) is potentially fatal; consequently, patients with symptoms strongly suggesting appendicitis almost have their appendix removed. The appropriate surgery is low-risk but performed unnecessarily in about 20 percent of all cases. A newly developed internal scan for appendicitis is highly accurate, producing two misdiagnoses for every 98 correct diagnoses. Clearly, using this test, doctors can largely avoid unnecessary removals of the appendix without, however, performing any fewer necessary ones than before, since A. B. C. the patients who are correctly diagnosed with this test as not having appendicitis invariably have medical conditions that are much less serious than appendicitis the misdiagnoses produced by this test are always instances of attributing appendicitis to someone who does not, in fact, have it all of the patients who are diagnosed with this test as having appendicitis do, in fact,
  3. D. E. 21-5 have appendicitis every patient who is diagnosed with this test as having appendicitis has more than one of the symptoms generally associated with appendicitis the only patients who are misdiagnosed using this test are patients who lack one or more of the symptoms that are generally associated with appendicitis There are no legal limits, as there are for cod and haddock, on the size of monkfish that can be caught, a circumstance that contributes to their depletion through overfishing. A. B. C. D. E. 21-6 There are no legal limits, as there are for cod and haddock, on the size of monkfish that can be caught, a circumstance that contributes to their depletion through overfishing. There are no legal limits on the size of monkfish that can be caught, unlike cod or haddock, a circumstance that contributes to depleting them because they are being overfished. There are legal limits on the size of cod and haddock that can be caught, but not for monkfish, which contributes to its depletion through overfishing. Unlike cod and haddock, there are no legal size limits on catching monkfish, which contributes to its depletion by being overfished. Unlike catching cod and haddock, there are no legal size limits on catching monkfish, contributing to their depletion because they are overfished. Heirloom tomatoes, grown from seeds saved from the previous year, only look less appetizing than their round and red supermarket cousins, often green and striped, or have bumps and bruises, but are more flavorful. A. B. C. cousins, often green and striped, or have plenty of bumps and bruises, but are cousins, often green and striped, or with plenty of bumps and bruises, although cousins, often green and striped, or they have plenty of bumps and bruises, although they are
  4. D. E. cousins; they are often green and striped, or with plenty of bumps and bruises, although cousins; they are often green and striped, or have plenty of bumps and bruises, but they are Passage 1 (Q7-Q9) Seventeenth-century philosopher John Locke stated that as much as Line 99 percent of the value of (5) any useful product can be attributed to "the effects of labor." For Locke's intellec- tual heirs it was only a short step to the "labor theory of (10) value," whose formulators held that 100 percent of the value of any product is gen- erated by labor (the human work needed to produce (15) goods) and that therefore the employer who appropriates any part of the product's value as profit is practicing theft. (20) Although human effort is required to produce goods for the consumer market, effort is also invested in making capital goods (tools, (25) machines, etc.), which are used to facilitate the produc- tion of consumer goods. In modern economies about one- third of the total output of
  5. (30) consumer goods is attribut- able to the use of capital goods. Approximately two- thirds of the income derived from this total output is paid (35) out to workers as wages and salaries, the remaining third serving as compensation to the owners of the capital goods. Moreover, part (40) of this remaining third is received by workers who are shareholders, pension beneficiaries, and the like. (45) systematically disregards the productive contribution of capital goods-- a failing for which Locke must bear part of the blame. 21-7 According to the author of the passage, which of the following is true of the distribution of the income derived from the total output of consumer goods in a modern economy? A. B. C. D. E. Workers receive a share of this income that is significantly smaller than the value of their labor as a contribution to total output. Owners of capital goods receive a share of this income that is significantly greater than the contribution to total output attributable to the use of capital goods. Owners of capital goods receive a share of this income that is no greater than the proportion of total output attributable to the use of capital goods. Owners of capital goods are not fully compensated for their investment because they pay out most of their share of this income to workers as wages and benefits. Workers receive a share of this income that is greater than the value of their labor because the labor theory of value overestimates their contribution to total output.
  6. 21-8 The author of the passage is primarily concerned with A. B. C. D. E. 21 —9 criticizing Locke's economic theories discounting the contribution of labor in a modern economy questioning the validity of the labor theory of value arguing for a more equitable distribution of business profits contending that employers are overcompensated for capital goods Which of the following arguments would a proponent of the labor theory of value, as it is presented in the first paragraph, be most likely to use in response to the statement that "The labor theory of value systematically disregards the productive contribution of capital goods" (lines 44-47)? A. B. C. D. E. 21-10 The productive contributions of workers and capital goods cannot be compared because the productive life span of capital goods is longer than that of workers. The author's analysis of the distribution of income is misleading because only a small percentage of workers are also shareholders. Capital goods are valuable only insofar as they contribute directly to the production of consumer goods. The productive contribution of capital goods must be discounted because capital goods require maintenance. The productive contribution of capital goods must be attributed to labor because capital goods are themselves products of labor. Researchers in Germany have unearthed 400,000-year-old wooden spears from what it appears was an ancient lakeshore hunting ground as stunning evidence of human ancestors who systematically hunted big game much earlier than believed. A. it appears was an ancient lakeshore hunting ground as stunning evidence of human ancestors who
  7. B. C. D. E. 21-11 it appears had been an ancient lakeshore hunting ground and stunning evidence that human ancestors appears was an ancient lakeshore hunting ground and is stunning evidence that human ancestors appears to be an ancient lakeshore hunting ground, stunning evidence that human ancestors appears that it is an ancient lakeshore hunting ground, stunning evidence of human ancestors who From 1973 to 1976, total United States consumption of cigarettes increased 3.4 percent, and total sales of chewing tobacco rose 18.0 percent. During the same period, total United States population increased 5.0 percent. If the statements above are true, which of the following conclusions can be properly drawn? A. United States manufacturers of tobacco products had higher profits in 1976 than in 1973. B. Per capita consumption of cigarettes in the United States was lower in 1976 than in 1973. C. The proportion of nonsmokers in the United States population dropped slightly between 1973 and 1976. D. United States manufacturers of tobacco products realize a lower profit on cigarettes than on chewing tobacco. E. A large percentage of United States smokers switched from cigarettes to chewing tobacco between 1973 and 1976. 21-12 Birds known as honeyguides exhibit a unique pattern of behavior: the bird leads another animal, such as a honey-badger or human, to a bees' nest with their chattering when they fly ahead; after the larger animal takes honey, the bird eats the was and bee larvae. A. with their chattering when they fly
  8. B. C. D. E. 21-13 with chattering and its flying by chattering as it flies by chattering and its flying by chattering as they are flying When drive-ins were at the height of their popularity in the late 1950's, some 4,000 existed in the United States, but today there are less than one-quarter that many. A. there are less than one-quarter that many B. there are fewer than one-quarter as many C. there are fewer than one-quarter of that amount D. the number is less than one-quarter the amount E. it is less than one-quarter of that amount 21-14 When storing Renaissance oil paintings, museums conform to standards that call for careful control of the surrounding temperature and humidity, with variations confined within narrow margins. Maintaining this environment is very costly, and recent research shows that even old oil paint is unaffected by wide fluctuations in temperature and humidity. Therefore, museums could relax their standards and save money without endangering their Renaissance oil paintings. Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends? A. Renaissance paintings were created in conditions involving far greater fluctuations in temperature and humidity than those permitted by current standards. B. Under the current standards that museums use when storing Renaissance oil paintings, those paintings do not deteriorate at all. C. Museum collections typically do not contain items that are more likely to be vulnerable to fluctuations in temperature and humidity than Renaissance oil paintings. D. None of the materials in Renaissance oil paintings other than the paint are vulnerable
  9. enough to relatively wide fluctuations in temperature and humidity to cause damage to the paintings. E. Most Renaissance oil paintings are stored in museums located in regions near the regions where the paintings were created. passage 2 (Q15-Q18) In her account of unmarried women's experiences in colonial Philadelphia, Wulf argues that edu- Line cated young women, particularly (5) Quakers, engaged in resistance to patriarchal marriage by exchanging poetry critical of marriage, copying verse into their commonplace books. Wulf suggests that this (10) critique circulated beyond the daughters of the Quaker elite and middle class, whose com- monplace books she mines, proposing that Quaker shools (15) brought it to many poor female students of diverse backgrounds. Here Wulf probably overstates Quaker schools' impact. At least three years' study would be (20) necessary to achieve the literacy competence necessary to grapple with the material she analyzes. In 1765, the year Wulf uses to demonstrate the diversity of (25) Philadelphia's Quaker schools, 128 students enrolled in these schools. Refining Wulfs numbers by the information she provides on religious affiliation, gender, and (30) length of study, it appears that only
  10. about 17 poor non-quaker girls were educated in Philadelphia's Quaker schools for three years or longer. While Wulf is correct that (35) a critique of patriarchal marriage circulated broadly, Quaker schools probably cannot be credited with instilling these ideas in the lower classes. Popular literary satires (40) on marriage had already landed on fertile ground in a multiethnic population that embodied a wide range of marital beliefs and practices. These ethnic- and (45) class-based traditions them- selves challenged the legitimacy of patriarchal marriage. 21-15 The primary purpose of the passage is to A. argue against one aspect of Wulfs account of how ideas critical of marriage were disseminated among young women in colonial Philadelphia B. discuss Wulfs interpretation of the significance for educated young women in colonial Philadelphia of the poetry they copied into their commonplace books C. counter Wulfs assertions about the impact of the multiethnic character of colonial Philadelphia's population on the prevalent views about marriage D. present data to undermine Wulfs assessment of the diversity of the student body in Quaker schools in colonial Philadelphia E. challenge Wulfs conclusion that a critique of marriage was prevalent among young women of all social classes in colonial Philadelphia 21-16 According to the passage, which of the following was true of attitudes toward marriage in colonial Philadelphia?
  11. A. B. C. D. E. 21-17 Exemplars of a critique of marriage could be found in various literary forms, but they did not impact public attitudes except among educated young women. The diversity of the student body in the Quaker schools meant that attitudes toward marriage were more disparate there than elsewhere in Philadelphia society. Although critical attitudes toward marriage were widespread, Quaker schools' influence in disseminating these attitudes was limited. Criticisms of marriage in colonial Philadelphia were directed at only certain limited aspects of patriarchal marriage. The influence of the wide range of marital beliefs and practices present in Philadelphia's multiethnic population can be detected in the poetry that educated young women copied in their commonplace books. The author of the passage implies which of the following about the poetry mentioned in the first paragraph? A. B. C. D. E. 21-18 Wulf exaggerates the degree to which young women from an elite background regarded the poetry as providing a critique of marriage. The circulation of the poetry was confined to young Quaker women. Young women copied the poetry into their commonplace books because they interpreted it as providing a desirable model of unmarried life. The poetry's capacity to influence popular attitudes was restricted by the degree of literacy necessary to comprehend it. The poetry celebrated marital beliefs and practices that were in opposition to patriarchal marriage. Which of the following, if true, would most seriously undermine the author's basis for saying that Wulf overstates Quaker schools' impact (line 17-18) ? A. B. The information that Wulf herself provided on religious affiliation and gender of students is in fact accurate. Most poor, non-Quaker students enrolled in Quaker schools had completed one or
  12. C. D. E. 21-19 two years' formal or informal schooling before enrolling. Not all of the young women whose commonplace books contained copies of poetry critical of marriage were Quakers. The poetry featured in young women 's commonplace books frequently included allusions that were unlikely to be accessible to someone with only three years' study in school. In 1765 an unusually large proportion of the Quaker schools' student body consisted of poor girls from non-Quaker backgrounds. Regardless of their form or function, all aerodynamically enhanced, curved objects made for throwing have been called boomerangs by non-Australians even since 1788, when Europeans saw Dharug-peaking men tossing "bumariny" in the area later known as Sydney. A. B. C. D. E. Regardless of their form or function, all aerodynamically enhanced, curved objects made for throwing have been called boomerangs by non-Australians even since 1788, Regardless of their form or function, any aerodynamically enhanced, curved object made for throwing has been called a boomerang by non-Australians even since 1788, Ever since 1788, non-Australians have called all aerodynamically enhanced, curved objects made for throwing boomerangs, regardless of their form or function, from Ever since 1788, any aerodynamically enhanced, curved object made for throwing has been called a boomerang by non-Australians, regardless of its form or function, from Non-Australians have called all aerodynamically enhanced, curved objects made for throwing boomerang ever since 1788, regardless of their form or function, from 21-20 A New York City ordinance of 1897 regulated the use of bicycles, mandated a maximum speed of eight miles an hour, required of cyclists to keep feet on pedals and hands on handlebars at all times, and it granted pedestrians right-of-way. A. regulated the use of bicycles, mandated a maximum speed of eight miles an hour, required of cyclists to keep feet on pedals and hands on handlebars at all times, and it granted
  13. B. C. D. E. 21-21 regulated the use of bicycles, mandated a maximum speed of eight miles an hour, required cyclists to keep feet on pedals and hands on handlebars at all times, granting regulating the use of bicycles mandated a maximum speed of eight miles an hour, required cyclists that they keep feet on pedals and hands on handlebars at all times, and it granted regulating the use of bicycles, mandating a maximum speed of eight miles an hour, requiring of cyclists that they keep feet on pedals and hands on handlebars at all times, and granted regulating the use of bicycles mandated a maximum speed of eight miles an hour, required cyclists to keep feet on pedals and hands on handlebars at all times, and granted Mastitis is an infection of the udder in cows that, although not dangerous, causes them to give poor-quality milk. Most cases of mastitis are caused by the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus, against which antibiotics are ineffective. However, a related bacterium, Staphylococcus simulans, quickly clears up even severe infections of S. aureus simply by displacing the bacteria. S. simulans is nevertheless unlikely to become the preferred treatment for cases of mastitis, since A. B. C. D. E. certain dangerous bacteria that normally cannot take hold can do so in the presence of S. simulans. the current resistance of S. aureus to antibiotics derives in part from a past pattern of overuse of those antibiotics the milk from cows infected with S. aureus is generally not of such poor quality as to be entirely unusable careful farming practice can reduce the incidence of mastitis to a minimum the only symptom of mild cases of mastitis is the deterioration in the quality of the milk produced 21-22 An overwhelming proportion of the most productive employees at SaleCo's regional offices work not eight hours a day, five days a week, as do other SaleCo employees, but rather ten
  14. hours a day, four days a week, with Friday off. Noting this phenomenon, SaleCo's president plans to increase overall productivity by keeping the offices closed on Fridays and having all employees work the same schedule—ten hours a day, four days a week. Which of the following, if true, provides the most reason to doubt that the president's plan, if implemented, will achieve its stated purpose? A. B. C. D. E. Typically, a SaleCo employee's least productive hours in the workplace are the early afternoon hours. None of the employees who work four days a week had volunteered to work that schedule, but all were assigned to it by their supervisors. Working ten hours a day has allowed the most productive employees to work two hours alone each day in their respective offices relatively undisturbed by fellow employees. Employees at SaleCo are compensated not on the basis of how many hours a week they work but on the basis of how productive they are during the hours they are at work. Those SaleCo employees who have a four-day workweek do not take any of their office work to do at home on Fridays. Line (5) (10) Passage 3 (Q23-Q26) Earth's surface consists of rigid plates that are constantly shifting and jostling one another. Plate movements are the surface expressions of motions in the mantle the thick shell of rock that lies between Earth's crust and its metallic core. Although the hot rock of the mantle is a solid, under the tre- mendous pressure of the crust and overlying rock of the mantle, it flows like a viscous liquid. The mantle's motions, analogous to those in a pot of boiling water, cool the mantle by carrying hot
  15. (15) (20) (25) (30) (35) (40) (45) (50) material to the surface and returning cooler material to the depths. When the edge of one plate bends under another and its cooler material is con- sumed in the mantle, volcanic activity occurs as molten lava rises from the downgoing plate and erupts through the overlying one. Most volcanoes occur at plate boundaries. However, certain "mis- placed" volcanoes far from plate edges result from a second, indepen- dent mechanism that cools the deep interior of Earth. Because of its prox- imity to Earth's core, the rock at the base of the mantle is much hotter than rock in the upper mantle. The hotter the mantle rock is, the less it resists flow-ing. Reservoirs of this hot rock collect in the base of the mantle. When a reservoir is sufficiently large, a sphere of this hot rock forces its way up through the upper mantle to Earth 's surface, creating a broad bulge in the topography. The "mantle plume' thus formed, once established, continues to channel hot material from the mantle base until the reservoir is emptied. The surface mark of an established plume is a hot spot—an isolated region of volcanoes and uplifted terrain located far from the edge of a surface plate. Because the source of a hot spot remains fixed while a surface plate moves over it, over a long period of time an active plume creates a chain of volcanoes or volcanic islands, a track marking the position of the plume
  16. relative to the moving plate. The natural history of the Hawaiian island chain clearly shows the movement of the Pacific plate over a fixed plume. 21-23 It can be inferred from the passage that a chain of volcanoes created by a mantle plume would most likely be characterized by A. B. C. D. E. 21-24 a curved outline constituent volcanoes that differ from each other in age occurrence near a plate boundary where one plate bends under another appearance near many other volcanic chains rocks with a wide range of chemical composition According to the passage, a hot spot on Earth's surface is an indication of which of the following? A. B. C. D. E. 21-25 An untapped reservoir of hot rock in the base of the mantle Volcanic activity at the edge of a plate Solid mantle rock under tremendous pressure The occurrence of a phenomenon unique to the Pacific plate A plume of hot mantle rock originating near Earth's core The passage is primarily concerned with discussing A. B. C. the composition of Earth's mantle how the Hawaiian Islands were created what causes Earth's surface plates to move
  17. D. E. 21-26 two different mechanisms by which volcanoes are formed why most volcanoes occur at plate boundaries The author's reference to the Hawaiian Islands serves primarily to A. B. C. D. E. 21-27 provide an example of a type of volcanic activity that does not occur elsewhere identify the evidence initially used to establish that the Pacific plate moves call into question a theory about the source of the volcanoes that created the Hawaiian Islands illustrate the distance from plate edges at which volcanoes typically appear provide an example of how mantle plumes manifest themselves on Earth's surface The electronics company has unveiled what it claims to be the world's smallest network digital camcorder, the length of which is that of a handheld computer, and it weighs less than 1 1 ounces. A. B. C. D. E. 21-28 to be the world's smallest network digital camcorder, the length of which is that of a handheld computer, and it weighs to be the smallest network digital camcorder in the world, which is as long as a handheld computer, weighing is the smallest network digital camcorder in the world, which is as long as a handheld computer, and it weighs is the world's smallest network digital camcorder, which is as long as a handheld computer and weighs is the world's smallest network digital camcorder, the length of which is that of a handheld computer, weighing Since it has become known that several of a bank's top executives have been buying shares in
  18. their own bank, the bank's depositors, who had been worried by rumors that the bank faced impending financial collapse, have been greatly relieved. They reason that since top executives evidently have faith in the bank's financial soundness, those worrisome rumors must be false. They might well be overoptimistic, however since corporate executives have sometimes bought shares in their own company in a calculated attempt to dispel negative rumors about the company's health. In the argument given, the two boldfaced portions play which of the following roles? A. B. C. D. E. 21-29 The first summarizes the evidence used in the reasoning called into question by the argument; the second states the counterevidence on which the argument relies. The first summarizes the evidence used in the reasoning called into question by the argument; the second is an intermediate conclusion supported by the evidence. The first is an intermediate conclusion that forms part of the reasoning called into question by the argument; the second is evidence that undermines the support for this intermediate conclusion. The first is an intermediate conclusion that forms part of the reasoning called into question by the argument; the second is the main conclusion of the argument. The first is an intermediate conclusion that forms part of the reasoning called into question by the argument; the second states a further conclusion supported by this intermediate conclusion. While studying the genetic makeup of corn, a new class of mutant genes was discovered by Barbara McClintock, a discovery which led to greater understanding of cell differentiation. A. a new class of mutant genes was discovered by Barbara McClintock, a discovery which led B. a new class of mutant genes in corn were discovered by Barbara McClintock, leading C. Barbara McClintock discovered a new class of mutant genes, and it led D. Barbara McClintock discovered a new class of mutant genes, a discovery that led E. Barbara McClintock, who discovered a new class of mutant genes, leading
  19. 21-30 In the past, most children who went sledding in the winter snow in Verland used wooden sleds with runners and steering bars. Ten years ago, smooth plastic sleds became popular; they go faster than wooden sleds but are harder to steer and slow. The concern that plastic sleds are more dangerous is clearly borne out by the fact that the number of children injured while sledding was much higher last winter than it was ten years ago. Which of the following, if true in Verland, most seriously undermines the force of the evidence cited? A. B. C. D. E. 21-31 A few children still use traditional wooden sleds. Very few children wear any kind of protective gear, such as helmets, while sledding. Plastic sleds can be used in a much wider variety of snow conditions than wooden sleds can. Most sledding injuries occur when a sled collides with a tree, a rock, or another sled. Because the traditional wooden sled can carry more than one rider, an accident involving a wooden sled can result in several children being injured. A study by the Ocean Wildlife Campaign urged states to undertake a number of remedies to reverse a decline in the shark population, which includes the establishment of size limits for shark catches, closing state waters for shark fishing during pupping season, and requiring commercial fishers to have federal shark permits. A. B. C. D. E. 21-32 which includes the establishment of size limits for shark catches, closing which includes establishing limits to the size of sharks that can be caught, closing which include the establishment of size limits for shark catches, the closing of including establishing size limits for shark catches, closing including the establishing of limits to the size of sharks that are caught, the closing of
  20. Because an oversupply of computer chips has sent prices plunging, the manufacturer has announced that it will cut production by closing its factories for two days a month. A. Because an oversupply of computer chips has sent prices plunging B. Because of plunging prices for computer chips, which is due to an oversupply C. Because computer chip prices have been sent plunging, which resulted from an oversupply D. Due to plunging computer chip prices from an oversupply E. Due to an oversupply, with the result that computer chip prices have been sent plunging 21-33 One of the limiting factors in human physical performance is the amount of oxygen that is absorbed by the muscles from the bloodstream. Accordingly, entrepreneurs have begun selling at gymnasiums and health clubs bottles of drinking water, labeled "SuperOXY," that has extra oxygen dissolved in the water. Such water would be useless in improving physical performance, however, since the only way to get oxygen into the bloodstream so that it can be absorbed bye the muscles is through the lungs. Which of the following, if true, would serve the same function in the argument as the statement in boldface? A. the water lost in exercising can be replaced with ordinary tap water B. the amount of oxygen in the blood of people who are exercising is already more than the muscle can absorb C. world-class athletes turn in record performance without such water D. frequent physical exercise increases the body's ability to take in and use oxygen E. lack of oxygen is not the only factor limiting human physical performance 21-34 Scientists have dated sharp-edged flakes of stone found in the fine-grained sediments of a
  21. dry riverbed in the Afar region of Ethiopia to between 2.52 and 2.60 million years ago, pushing back by more than 150,000 years the earliest date when it is known that humans made stone tools. A. when it is known that humans made B. at which it is known that humans had made C. at which humans are known to have made D. that humans are known to be making E. of humans who were known to make Passage 4 (Q35-Q37) This passage was adapted from an article written in 1990. Line (5) (10) (15) (20) Research data indicate that there is a great deal of poverty in the United States among single- parent families headed by women. This problem could result from the fact that women's wages are only 60 percent of men's. Some economists believe that rigorous enforcement of existing equal pay laws would substantially decrease this wage inequity. But equal pay laws are ineffectual when women and men are concentrated in different occupations because such laws require only that women and men doing the same jobs be paid the same. Since gender concentration exists (for example, 80 percent of clerical workers are women), other economists argue that a comparable worth standard, which would mandate that women and men in any jobs that require comparable
  22. (25) (30) (35) (40) (45) training and responsibility be paid the same, should be applied instead. But some policy analysts assert that, although comparable worth would virtually equalize male and female wages, many single- parent families headed by women would remain in poverty because many men earn wages that are below the poverty line. These policy analysts believe that the problem is not caused primarily by wage inequity but rather by low wages coupled with single parent hood, regardless of sex. As a solution, they challenge the govern- ment's assumption that a family's income should depend primarily on wages and urge the government to provide generous wage supplements (child and housing allow- ances) to single parents whose wages are low. 21-35 The passage suggests that the United States government's policy towards providing wage supplements to parents whose wages are low is A. considered ill advised by most economists who have studied the issue B. based on assumptions about the appropriate sources of family income C. under revision in response to criticism from some policy analysts D. capable of eliminating wage inequality but not of raising incomes for both women and men E. applicable to single-parent families headed by women but not to single-parent families headed by men
  23. 21-36 Which of the following is most clearly an example of the policy advocated by the policy analysts mentioned in line 26 ? A. A government provides training to women who wish to move out of occupations in which women are concentrated. B. A government supports research that analyzes the connection between wage inequality and poverty among single-parent families headed by women. C. A government surveys wages annually to make certain that women and men in the same jobs receive the same pay. D. A government analyzes jobs in terms of the education and responsibility they require and publishes a list of jobs that should be considered equivalent for wage purposes. E. A government provides large rent subsidies to single parents whose wages are less than half the average worker's wage. 21-37 According to the passage, some economists believe that, in the United States, there would be smaller differences between the wages of women and men who do the same jobs if A. equal pay laws were enforced more fully B. more stringent equal pay laws were passed C. a more rigorous comparable worth standard were developed and applied D. more men entered the occupations in which women are concentrated E. women received the same kind and amount of job training that men receive 21-38 Because it was long thought that few people would watch lengthy televised political messages, most televised political advertisements, like commercial advertisements, took the form of short messages. Last year, however, one candidate produced a half-hour-long advertisement. During the half hour the advertisement was aired, a substantial portion of the viewing public tuned into the advertisement. Clearly, then, many more people are interested in watching lengthy televised political messages than was previously thought.
  24. Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends? A. B. C. D. E. 21-39 The candidate's ratings improved significantly as a result of the half-hour- long political advertisement. Political advertisements have become increasingly influential in determining voters' decisions at the polls. Many people would appreciate the opportunity to become better acquainted with political candidates' views on current political issues. Most people who are interested in political issues watch television regularly. Most of the viewers who tuned in to the candidate's half-hour-long advertisement last year did not change channels after the first few minutes. Almost like clones in their similarity to one another, the cheetah species' homogeneity makes them especially vulnerable to disease. A. B. C. D. E. 21-40 the cheetah species' homogeneity makes them especially vulnerable to disease the cheetah species is especially vulnerable to disease because of its homogeneity the homogeneity of the cheetah species makes it especially vulnerable to disease homogeneity makes members of the cheetah species especially vulnerable to disease members of the cheetah species are especially vulnerable to disease because of their homogeneity A manufacturer of workstations for computer-aided design seeks to increase sales to its most important corporate customers. Its strategy is to publish very low list prices for workstations in order to generate interest among the buyers for those corporations. Which of the following, if characteristic of the marketplace, would tend to cause the manufacture's strategy to fail? A. The proposed list prices would seem low to a typical buyer for the manufacturer's
  25. B. C. D. E. 21-41 most important corporate customers. The capabilities of workstations suitable for given jobs are not significantly different among various manufactures. The manufacturer's most important corporate customers employ as buyers persons who are very knowledgeable about prices for workstations for customer-aided design. customers differ significantly in the percentage of resources they can devote to computer workstations. Buyers for corporations that purchase workstations for computer-aided design receive bonuses for negotiating large discounts from the list price. The Environmental Protection Agency's proposal to place restrictions on both diesel fuel and diesel engines has sparked a counterattack by the oil industry, saying that the move will exacerbate the nation's fuel supply problems. A. B. C. D. E. on both diesel fuel and diesel engines has sparked a counterattack by the oil industry, saying on both diesel fuel and engines have sparked the oil industry to counterattack, and they say on both diesel fuel and diesel engines has sparked a counterattack by the oil industry, which says both on diesel fuel and engines has sparked the oil industry to a counterattack, saying both on diesel fuel and diesel engines have sparked the oil industry to counterattack, and it says Reference Keys: EDABA ECCED BCCDA CDBAE ACBED EBEDB DAACB EAEEE C

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