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History Class 7

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Published in: History
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NCERT notes for class 7 chapter 1

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  1. TRACING CHANGES THROUGH A THOUSAND YEARS Al-Idrisi made map of India in -1154 French cartographers designed India map in 1720s New and old terminologies The terminologies changed now and then o E.g. medieval Persia is different from modern Persia. The difference is not only with respect to grammar and vocabulary but the meaning also changed in due course of time. Hindustan is now understood as India o Hindustan term was used in 13th century by Minhaj-i-siraj, a Persian chronicler o He meant the area of Punjab, Haryana and the lands between ganga and Yamuna rivers o He used the term for political view that were dominions under Delhi sultans. o This never included south India But later Babur used the word Hindustan to describe the geography, fauna and the culture of the people in subcontinent. But today we associate Hindustan as political and national meaning Foreigner is the one who is not Indian. But in medieval period it meant a stranger (someone who is not part of the village/society or culture). o Peasants of same area with different culture, religion, caste were not foreigners. Whereas the forest-dweller might have regarded as foreigner in city. Sources for historians • The sources for historians were inscriptions, coins and manuscripts. These were laid foundation for the purpose of the study. But later there was discontinuity. This was because the paper became more popular and cheap. Many started writing the chronicles of kings, stories, judgements, petitions and teachings of saints. These manuscripts were stored in Libraries and Archives.
  2. There was no printing press those days. The scribes copied manually where the changes were introduced in the manuscripts. Most of the time there is a chance of modifying the information in small amount but significant changes were happening. This was most crucial for historians about what to study. In this process of manually copying, the manuscripts changed. The historians had to read all the manuscripts to guess what the author had written. • Different handwritings were also making historians difficult to read. It was challenging for the historians largely because of the scale and variety of developments that occurred over the period (700-1750). New technologies arrived- use of firearms in combat Persian wheel in irrigation Spinning wheels in weaving. New beverages arrived in subcontinent- potato, corn, chillies tea and coffee. ' This was a period of social, economic, political and cultural changes. ' This was the period where more people travelled long distance in search of opportunity. The subcontinent held immense wealth and possibility for people to carve fortune. Many people claimed to have title Rajaputs- kings, warriors, and people belongs to group Kshatriyas, chieftains, soldiers and commanders who were under the monarchs all over the subcontinent. People were differentiated based on their religion and the work they are engaged. Jatis were formed. Jati panchayats were held. The chieftain was head of the village and village was a part of the kingdom or empire. Many kingdoms and empires ruled for thousand years. There were rare time that pan-regional spanning empire was formed. Due to pan-regional empire the shared traditions emerged. The character of the different region did not grow in isolation. These regions did not lose their distinctiveness. Instead they had impact of integration. Old and new religion Hinduism The people belief in supernatural power was collective. There many local communities. Hinduism gradually gained importance in this period. This included worship of new deities' brahma, Durga and many, construction of temples and growing importance of Brahmins, priests and other dominant groups of the society. The dominance was supported by the patrons who was seeking for great prestige and power. The tradition of bhakti emerged during this period which says one can reach deity without priest or elaborate rituals
  3. Muslims This was the period of many new religions also. The Muslims who believe in Allah, the sovereign and supreme God came to India as traders. They regard Quran as the holy book of their religion. • Many rulers were also patrons of Islamic religion and ulama (learned theologians and jurists) Thinking about time and historical periods During the middle of 19th century, British historians divided Indian history into 3 periods i) Hindu Muslim and iii) British

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