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History

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Published in: History
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NCERT notes for class 6th, 6th chapter

Sharath / Delhi

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Qualification: B.Tech/B.E. (DU - 2012)

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  1. How some men became rulers? Some rajas were chosen by people. Few performed sacrifices (ASHWAMEDHA) Raja's charioteer enjoyed exploits of raja Priests perform rituals Vaishya bought gifts to kings Many shudras were excluded to perform rituals Later Vedic period- Samaveda Yajurveda Athervaveda In this period many book were composed how to perform rituals They also contained rules about society People were divided into 4 groups Brahmin Teach Vedas Perform sacrifices Varnas Kshartiyas Fight in the battle field Vish/Vaishyas Perform trade, farming, herders Shudras Serve other three groups Women and shudras were not allowed to study vedas. Most of them did not accept his system as few rajas though they were superior JANAPADAS- (means where Janas set its foot and settled down) The janas were called janapadas People lived in huts and kept cattle as well. They grew rice, wheat, barley, pulses, sugarcane sesame and mustard. The earthen pots were found with grey and red colours. MAHAJANAPADAS- Most of the janapadas became important and were having a capital city which were fortified. These people were called as MAHAJANAPADAS. Fortification was done because people were afraid of the other king's attack. Also it was a symbol of wealth for few people. Also people who lived inside the fortified area could be controlled easily by kings Few rajas built armies of soldiers and were paid regularly. Taxes Instead of depending on occasional gifts, rajas levied taxes on Mahajanapadas for the administration purpose. 1/6th of the crop produce was to be given to rajas There were also taxes levied on craftsman, traders, herder, hunters and gatherers.
  2. Changes in agriculture: People used iron ploughshare instead of wooden ploughshare so that they could produce more There was also transplantation in agriculture. Instead of scattering the crops for cultivation, they sprout, the saplings were planted in the fields which in turn gave more yield. M agad has- Most important Mahajanapada Capital- rajagriha (present day rajgir) later shifted to pataliputra (present day Patna) These were the most important janapadas River Ganga and Son flowed through this place Parts of Magadha were forested and elephants were trained for the army. Iron mine were there where iron was tapped to make important tool and weapons Magadhas had very powerful rulers Bhimbisara and Ajatasattu (father and son of haryanka dynasty) Nanda was also an important ruler The great king Ashoka was feared of marching his army towards north-earth of India because he knew that the kings here were most powerful (Magadhas) Vajji- vaishali (capital) They are important Mahajanapadas They were under the different form of government called gana or sangha Gana/sangha- There were more than one ruler (raja) ruling at a time. (Sometimes in thousands) They performed rituals together. They assembled together and took participation in debates, discussions, rules etc. Buddha and Mahavira belongs to ganas or sanghas. Vivid description of ganas or sanghas can be seen in Buddhist books. Digha Nikaya One of the Buddhist book is These ganas lasted till 1500 years ago. The successors of ganas were qupta rulers

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