Capital required to fund day to day operation is called working capital while fixed capital is requierd to fund acquisition long term fixed asset be it tangible or intangible.

you can train yourself in computer accounting.then try to get emplyoed in account realated job,and as the day pass by we will gathed experience that will help to increase your salary.

you can opt for CA,CS,CMA

REGISTER FOR CPT COURSE.SINCE YOU HAVE SCIENCE BACKGROUND DEVELOP FUNDAMENTAL KNOWLEDGE ON ACCOUNTANCY AS EARLY AS POSSIBLE

MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING IS SUBJECT MAINLY CONSISTING TOOLS WHICH HELP IN DECISION MAKING IN THE ECONOMIC ACTIVITY.

THERE IS AMPLE OF SCOPE IN THE FIELD OF STOCK MARKET.

Accounting Standard mandatory in accouning and fiancial reporting.These are issued by ICAI .THESE ARE INDIAN GAAP.

FOR PROFIT.MORE THAN ONE PERSON INVOLVED IN BUSINESS.ANY ONE CARRY BUSINESS FOR ALL OR VICE VERSA

ERRORS OF OMMISSION. ERRORS OF COMMISSION,ERRORS OF MISPOSTING,COMPENSATING ERRORS,ERRORS OF PRINCIPAL

Internal audit is a review of operations and records undertaken within a business by speciallyassigned stuff.

Interview Management

Management interviews allow auditors to understand the mindset of business owners and other managers in the company. Interview questions include why the owner created certain internal controls, what the controls are for, do managers understand the purpose of the controls and what corrective measures are taken when a control violation is found. These questions also help auditors determine how close business owners and managers are to the company’s frontline operations. Managers who are consistently absent from creating or reviewing internal controls can signal a lax environment where employees may abuse company operations.

Interview Employees

Employee interviews serve another important evaluation process. Auditors use employee interviews to determine how well individuals are trained for their jobs. The interviews can also shed more light on how well business owners and managers educate employees on the importance of safeguarding business operations. Auditors may ask employees what is their job responsibility, how do they protect the company’s business and financial information, have they been given a manual outlining the company’s standard operating procedures and who is responsible for reviewing the employee’s completed work.

Related Reading: What Are the Benefits of an External Audit?

Observe Processes

Auditors often observe or review business processes when evaluating internal controls. Auditors and business owners or managers generally select a few critical operations to observe. Selecting a sample is a common process in internal and external audits. Auditors focus attention on processes that are responsible for the majority of the company’s business production. These processes may also be subject to more fraud or abuse by employees. Observing internal controls in the actual environment help auditors determine the effectiveness of each control in the company.

Test Controls

Auditors often test a company’s internal controls by reviewing operational information. Testing internal controls relates to the company’s financial accounting department as a rule. Auditors select a sample of information and test it against the company’s standard operating procedures or national accounting standards. This process ensures employees are not abusing a company’s financial information by committing fraud or embezzlement. Small business owners may need an external audit to secure financing from banks, lenders or investors. Business owners can use external auditors' opinions to ensure lenders and investors that the company is properly safeguarding their financial information with internal controls.

Limitations of statutory audits

The main limitations of an audit are as follows:

•  The expenditure of an audit can be very high. However, if the audit firm is already hired to carry out non-audit work such as accounts preparation oradvisory work, the additional cost of an audit may be fairly small.

•  The disruption caused to a company’s staff during the audit. The company’s staff may be required to support the auditors by answering questions, providing documents and other information, and so on.
•  

The role of internal audit is to provide independent assurance that an organisation's risk management, governance and internal control processes are operating effectively.

What is its value to the organisation? The difference between internal and external audit Our members

What do internal auditors do?

We have a professional duty to provide an unbiased and objective view. We must be independent from the operations we evaluate and report to the highest level in an organisation: senior managers and governors. Typically this is the board of directors or the board of trustees, the accounting officer or the audit committee.

To be effective, the internal audit activity must have qualified, skilled and experienced people who can work in accordance with the Code of Ethics  and the International Standards.

The nature of internal auditing, its role within the organisation and the requirements for professional practice are contained within the International Professional Practices Framework (IPPF). The components and the detailed content of the IPPF are available in the Global professional guidance area of the website.

Internal auditors can be engaged in a range of of activities which are detailed below. You can also download the below content in our brochure: What is internal audit? (pdf)

Assessing the management of risk Assisting management in the improvement of internal controls Why is internal audit important to your organisation? Activities of internal audit Evaluating controls and advising managers at all levels Evaluating risks Analysing operations and confirm information Working with other assurance providers

What is its value to the organisation?

Internal auditors deal with issues that are fundamentally important to the survival and prosperity of any organisation. Unlike external auditors, they look beyond financial risks and statements to consider wider issues such as the organisation's reputation, growth, its impact on the environment and the way it treats its employees.

In sum, internal auditors help organisations to succeed. We do this through a combination of assurance and consulting. The assurance part of our work involves telling managers and governors how well the systems and processes designed to keep the organisation on track are working. Then, we offer consulting help to improve those systems and p

Internal Audit Management - The Challenges

A survey by Ernst & Young titled 'The Shifting Internal Audit Landscape' reveals that:

Stakeholder expectations are increasing with greater focus on enterprise-wide risk assessment and business and operational risk.

In implementing enterprisewide risk assessments, as well as covering of key risk areas, there is an opportunity for Internal Audit to improve coordination with other risk management groups within the company.

There is an opportunity for Internal Audit to better leverage technology and knowledge collection and sharing tools to improve effectiveness and efficiency significantly.

The current business environment has turned the spotlight on the role that a robust internal audit system must play within the larger drive towards effective governance, risk, compliance and quality management. An internal auditor has to work as a savvy in-house cop who not only reports problems, but also gives constructive suggestions to line managers about how to improve the performance of the business. As a result, the internal auditing and corporate control environment are receiving increased attention and resources, necessary to comply with the regulations.

Despite the increased exposure and buy-in from executive management, internal audit departments face many challenges. A few of them have been discussed below:

Immature Implementation of Risk Strategies:The credit crisis and resulting uncertain economic conditions have forced organizations to scrutinize their risk exposures in greater detail. Most of the organizations, however, support perfunctorily developed risk management strategies. According to a survey of audit committee members attending the 4th Annual Audit Committee Issues Conference , 44% of conference attendees said that their company's processes to identify significant business risks need improvement, and 18% said the risk reports that management provides to the audit committee are not meaningful/useful. "Audit committees are taking a hard look at risk management processes, with a particular focus on the quality of risk inventories and assessments, as well as the usefulness of management's risk reports," said one of the directors at the conference. He says,"Key challenges include identifying risks early-on, and maintaining a 'big picture' view of the risks facing the business."

Top-Down View: A careful analysis of frauds, which led to the genesis of SOX legislation, exposed major weaknesses in the top management and the control environment. This put spotlight on internal auditors to view the business from the top-down, and increase scope of reviews at corporate offices. The purview should not only include day to day transactions, but specific monthly, quarterly, and yearly management processes that strongly influence the financial statements.

Complex Financial Disclosures: The board shoulders the ultimate responsibility for the integrity of the corporation's financial disclosure. The challenge for internal auditors is to identify if there are discrepancies in company’s financial statements, confirm whether they are abiding by the financial reporting standards, verify whether sufficient controls are in place, and affirm whether shareholders or potential investors or lenders have sufficient information to make informed decisions. The Management is responsible for a fair presentation of the financial statements but the internal audits department must ensure that the financial statements do pass the litmus test.

Complex Business Models: The board and management are responsible for ensuring the integrity of the business, while the internal auditor is responsible for validating, directly or indirectly, whether the company's business model is sound. Internal audits confront issues like: “Will the company be able to survive, or compete in the market?” “Does it adhere to sound business practices?” “Does it have appropriate place for risk management and corporate governance programs in organization?” Moreover, with communication shrinking the world, and global economies growing ever more intricately connected, organizations operate in a far more complex fashion than before. This increases the potential for negative circumstances like inconsistency in enforcing audit processes across business units, erroneous data collection, and various gaps that result from isolated silos of information. It is difficult to gain the comprehensive visual map of the entire business, essential to effective management of risk, governance, compliance and quality issues. The audit lifecycle can often meet a variety of roadblocks that drag deadlines and jeopardize the quality and legal safeguards.

Internal auditing refers to an assessment activity managed within a corporation as a check to the entity. Its main function is to monitor control within the corporation. The task of internal auditing is determined by organization itself, and its goals differ from those of the external auditor who is appointed to report independently. The depth and goals of internal auditing vary widely and depend on the volume and structure of the body and the requirements of its administration. Ordinarily, the importance of internal auditing can be seen by one or more of the following: • Implementing and monitoring of sufficient internal control. That is the duty of management that demands proper attention on a permanent basis.Internal auditors are ordinarily assigned definite task by management for reviewing controls, monitoring their function and suggesting improvements for them. • Inspection of monetary and operational information. This may include review of the means used to recognize, determine, categorize and report such information and definite inquiry into individual items as well as in depth testing of balances, transactions and procedures. • Review of the economy, effectiveness and efficiency of operations including non-financial controls of the corporation. • Review of fulfilment of laws, regulations and other external requirements and compliance with administration policies and commands

Complex Financial Disclosures: The board shoulders the ultimate responsibility for the integrity of the corporation's financial disclosure. The challenge for internal auditors is to identify if there are discrepancies in company’s financial statements, confirm whether they are abiding by the financial reporting standards, verify whether sufficient controls are in place, and affirm whether shareholders or potential investors or lenders have sufficient information to make informed decisions. The Management is responsible for a fair presentation of the financial statements but the internal audits department must ensure that the financial statements do pass the litmus test.

Complex Business Models: The board and management are responsible for ensuring the integrity of the business, while the internal auditor is responsible for validating, directly or indirectly, whether the company's business model is sound. Internal audits confront issues like: “Will the company be able to survive, or compete in the market?” “Does it adhere to sound business practices?” “Does it have appropriate place for risk management and corporate governance programs in organization?” Moreover, with communication shrinking the world, and global economies growing ever more intricately connected, organizations operate in a far more complex fashion than before. This increases the potential for negative circumstances like inconsistency in enforcing audit processes across business units, erroneous data collection, and various gaps that result from isolated silos of information. It is difficult to gain the comprehensive visual map of the entire business, essential to effective management of risk, governance, compliance and quality issues. The audit lifecycle can often meet a variety of roadblocks that drag deadlines and jeopardize the quality and legal safeguards.

Growing Regulatory Guidelines and Compliance Demands: The global regulatory environment is in an arena of constant change. Stipulations and guidelines are regularly reviewed and refined to retain their effectiveness. Very often, different countries may have distinct recommendations or legal expectations that can complicate the role and consistency of internal audit process across a geographically spread enterprise. Whether it is ISO, SEC or SOX guidelines, companies are now expected to proactively initiate internal, IT-enabled enterprise-wide audit solutions that ensure compliance.

Risk Quantification: Risk is an integral part of any endeavor. The risk management unit and the risk management committee are responsible for risk management, but it is the internal auditor's task to ensure the risk management program works. An effective internal audit management system depends on the ability to build process cycles against an accurate matrix of assessed risk. However, given the dynamic regulatory environment and the complex inter-connectedness of business functionalities, it is often extremely difficult to assess the multi-faceted nature of business risk.

Governance: An ideal corporate governance framework consists of seven entwined elements: the board and its committees, legal and regulatory concerns, business practices and ethics, disclosure and transparency, ERM, monitoring, and communication. It is the task of internal auditors to review each of these elements, and report their findings on a scorecard, rating their maturity along a scale as "compliant", "developed", or "advanced." At the outset, the CAEs need to review key organizational documents such as articles of incorporation, board and committee minutes, the annual report, investor relations policy, code of conduct and ethics, shareholder rights, and board calendar of events.

Practice and body of knowledge concerned primarily with

methodsforrecordingtransactions, keepingfinancial records, performinginternal audits, reportingand analyzingfinancial informationto themanagement, and advisingontaxationmatters.

It is a systematic process of identifying, recording, measuring, classifying, verifying, summarizing, interpreting and communicating financial information. It reveals profit or loss for a given period, and the value and nature of a firm's assets, liabilities and owners' equity.

Accounting provides information on the

resourcesavailable to a firm, themeansemployedto finance those resources, and theresultsachieved through th

1.Accounting: To cancel an accounting entry with an equal but opposite entry.

2.Banking: Bank's or other lender's right (called right to offset) to seize a delinquent debtor's (and/or the guarantor's) any account balance in any other bank on obtaining a garnishee order from a court. See also setoff.

3.Futures and options trading: To liquidate a position by entering an equivalent but opposite transaction in the same delivery month. Offsetting cancels the obligation of making (or taking) physical delivery of the underlying commodity or financial instrument. To offset an initial purchase, a sale is made; to offset an initial sale, a purchase is made.

Tangible Assets

Tangible assets are physical assets such as land, vehicles, equipment, machinery, furniture, inventory, stock, bonds and cash. These assets are the backbone of a company that keep it in production but are not available to customers. Tangible assets are at risk of damage either from naturally occurring incidents, theft or accidents.

The two types of tangible assets are current and fixed. Current assets are inventory, or items a company turns into cash usually by the end of the year. These assets can be used as liquidation to save a company from debt problems or as financial aid. Fixed assets are physical items that will not be sold at any point in the business. These assets include machinery, equipment, vehicles or land, and they are needed to run the business continually.

Intangible Assets

Intangible assets are nonphysical, such as patents, trademarks, franchises, goodwill and copyrights. Depending on the type of business, intangible assets may include Internet domain names, performance events, licensing agreements, service contracts, computer software, blueprints, manuscripts, joint ventures, medical records, permits and trade secrets. Intangible assets add to a company's possible future worth and can be much more valuable than its tangible assets.

For more information, read "What is the difference between goodwill and tangible assets?"

Both tangible and intangible assets are recorded on a balance sheet. A balance sheet outlines a company's balance of income and spending over time to determine its debt to earnings (D/E) ratio. The balance sheet allows a company to consider future expansion and gives banks, investors and vendors the ability to decide a company's worth for possible loans or credits

Syndicate Bank is one of the oldest and major commercial banks of India. It was founded by T M A Pai, Upendra Paiand Vaman Kudva. At the time of its establishment, the bank was known as Canara Industrial and Banking Syndicate Limited. The bank, along with 13 major commercial banks of India, was nationalised on 19 July 1969, by theGovernment of India.

agriculture sector  

MR.P CHIDAMBARAM OUR EX FINANCE MINISTER ANNOUNCED IT

SIX BANK

14

ITS LONG BACK 1969

ITS LONG BACK 1959

bright prospect as its unexplored sector and now this sector surge of demand pf professional.

commerce means that leg of service that support doing business smoothly.such as banking ,insurance,transportation.

it creates presence of the product.

Functional foremanship is a management technique that spreads the duties of a traditional industrial foreman among several different individuals. Frederick Winslow Taylor, a pioneer in the study of industrial efficiency, developed the technique after concluding that it would be expecting too much of one person to be an expert in all areas of foremanship -- from timekeeping and scheduling to discipline and quality control.

The major functions that a manager completes can be categorized into four different functions known asplanning, organizing, leading, and controlling. 

TO SUCCEED YOU HAVE TO EXCEL IN EVERY FIELD INCLUDING CURRENT AFFAIRS. DO READ NEWS PAPER SERIOUSLY.IT REALLY HELPS.

THERE IS BAR ON AGE NOT ON ATTEMPT

from the start of your graduation.

preparation of one takes care of other.

graduation

go through previous year paper to have clear understanding trend of question asked in the exam.

IN THE BOOKS OF FIRM:REALISATION EXPENSES A/C DR.TO PARTNER CAPITAL A/C

Tree Topology is the required topology  for large network connection.  

word processing

Slide Sorter

ollowing are the input devices:

• Keyboard
• Mouse
• Scanner
• Digital Camera , Camcorder
• Gamepad, Joystick, Steering wheel.
• Mic
• Barcode Reader
• Pen / Stylus
• Touch Screen
• Webcam
• Biometrics (Thumb impression / Face detection)

nptel.ac.in

docs.oracle.com

charles babbage

Copy protection knowledge may be helpful

it is process of silicon microchip used in computer hardware

Hard Disk

LAPTOP

New generation analog and digital signal mixed computer

New generation analog and digital signal mixed computer

First Generation (1940-1956) Vacuum Tubes

Second Generation (1956-1963) Transistors

Third Generation (1964-1971) Integrated Circuits

Fourth Generation (1971-Present) Microprocessors

Fifth Generation (Present and Beyond) Artificial Intelligence

Number represented by a two digit 0 and 1 .and the base is 2.

Motherboard is also known as system board.It is the basic of the computer systemand main circiut board of the computer where you plug in your microprocessor and other cards.

Bar code is bar scanner in black vertical lines .It has  2 values 0 or 1.(Binary digits

A type of printer that does not operate by striking a head against a ribbon.

Examples of nonimpact printers include laser and ink-jet printers.

The term nonimpactis important primarily in that it distinguishes quiet printers from noisy (impact) printers.

Wide area Network

client request the service and servers perform the job and sends response

In star topology every node is connected to a hub,which forms a star structure

In star topology every node is connected to a hub,which forms a star structure

Voice over IP (VoIP) is a methodology and group of technologies for the delivery of voice communications and multimedia sessions over Internet Protocol (IP) networks, such as the Internet. Other terms commonly associated with VoIP are IP telephony, Internet telephony, broadband telephony, and broadband phone service.

A local area network (LAN) is a computer network that interconnects computers within a limited area such as a residence, school, laboratory, or office building.

We have to use updated antivirus to kill the viruses,

BY INSTALLING ANTI VIRUS SOFTWERE IN COMPUTER

TROJAN HORSE KIND OF SOFTWERE THAT CAN STEAL YOUR PASSWORD

In cryptography, a timing attack is a side channel attack in which the attacker attempts to compromise a cryptosystem by analyzing the time taken to execute cryptographic algorithms.

Positive Effects

Education:

• Many excellent educational software programs exist to help children learn. From educational games to a variety of

other programs aimed at children, these programs can help improve a child's skill in a number of different critical areas, including vocabulary, math, logical thinking, typing, history, and many more[2]. These programs make learning easier and faster than many other traditional methods such as textbooks or oral lectures.

• Computers also change the way children are educated at school. They receive more homework and

assignments online. In many computerized classes, they have homepages to ask question or receive answers from either friends or teachers. The Internet provides students with a myriad of extra resources beside their textbooks for knowledge and research.

operating system is an interface between user and the hardware

ITS SECONDARY STORAGE DEVICE.LIKE SD CARD, PEN DRIVE.

A type of printer that produces characters and illustrations by striking pins against an ink ribbon to print closely spaced dots in the appropriate shape. Dot-matrix printers are relatively expensive and do not produce high-quality output. However, they can print to multi-page forms (that is, carbon copies), something laser and ink-jet printers cannot do.

A voice command device (VCD) is a device controlled by means of the human voice. By removing the need to use buttons, dials and switches, consumers can easily operate appliances with their hands full or while doing other tasks.

A device that can read text or illustrations printed on paper and translate the information into a form the computer can use. A scanner works by digitizing an image -- dividing it into a grid of boxes and representing each box with either a zero or a one, depending on whether the box is filled in. (For color and gray scaling, the same principle applies, but each box is then represented by up to 24 bits.) The resulting matrix of bits, called abit map, can then be stored in a file, displayed on a screen, and manipulated by programs.

pen-based computer,computer that uses pattern-recognition software to enable it to accept handwriting as a form of input. A stylus, which may contain special electronic circuitry, is used to write on the computer display or on a separate tablet.

Computer is consists of 3 main sections.

Input - Keyboard, Mouse, Joystick, Touchpad Scanner

Output - Monitor, Printer

Processing Unit - CPU

A supercomputer is a computer that performs at or near the currently highest operational rate for computers. A supercomputer is typically used for scientific and engineering applications that must handle very large databases or do a great amount of computation (or both). 

At any given time, there are usually a few well-publicized supercomputers that operate at extremely high speeds. The term is also sometimes applied to far slower (but still impressively fast) computers. Most supercomputers are really multiple computers that perform parallel processing. In general, there are two parallel processing approaches: symmetric multiprocessing (SMP) and massively parallel processing (MPP).

IBM's Roadrunner is the fastest supercomputer in the world, twice as fast as Blue Gene and six times as fast as any of the other current supercomputers. At the lower end of supercomputing, a new trend called clustering, takes more of a build-it-yourself approach to supercomputing. The Beowulf Project offers guidance on how to put together a number of off-the-shelf personal computer processors, using Linux operating systems, and interconnecting the processors with Fast Ethernet. Applications must be written to manage the parallel processing.

Perhaps the best-known builder of supercomputers has been Cray Research, now a part of Silicon Graphics. In September 2008, Cray and Microsoft launched CX1, a $25,000 personal supercomputer aimed markets such as  aerospace, automotive, academic, financial services and life sciences. CX1 runs Windows HPC (High Performance Computing) Server 2008.

In the United States, some supercomputer centers are interconnected on an Internetbackbone known as vBNS or NSFNet. This network is the foundation for an evolving network infrastructure known as the National Technology Grid. Internet2 is a university-led project that is part of this initiative.

A data processing system employed mainly in large organizations for various applications, including bulk data processing, process control, industry and consumer statistics, enterprise resource planning, and financial transaction processing.

Mainframes use proprietary operating systems, most of which are based on Unix, and a growing number on Linux. Over the years they have evolved from being room-sized to networked configurations of workstations and servers that are an extremely competitive and cost effective platforms for e-commerce development .

Classifications of Digital Computers:

According to size:

Microcomputer - is the smallest of the digital computers. A MICROCOMPUTER or PERSONAL COMPUTER, PC for short, is most widely used especially at home because of its affordable price and manageability

- it consists of : CPU, Keyboard, Monitor, Printer, and the disks drives.

- can only be use by one person at a time.

Examples: (Personal Computers, Workstations, Portable Computers)

Minicomputer - smallest computer designed specifically for the multi-user environment.

- can allow several person using the machine at the time.

- serves as stand-alone computer.

- 40 to 100 employees or remote terminals.

- these perform multi-tasking and allow many terminals to be connected to their services.

The ability to connect minicomputers to each other and mainframes has popularized them among larger businesses. This use is being challenged by the developments in the microcomputers under a network. Minicomputers are still recognized are being able to process large amounts of data.

Mainframe Computer - is another system that can be used in multi-user environment.

- can serve more than 100 remote terminals. Mainframe computer are large general purpose computers. Mainframe computers generally require special attention and are kept in a controlled atmosphere. They are multi-tasking and generally used in areas where large database are maintained e.g. government departments and the airline industry.

Other types:

• Supercomputers – are the fastest calculating devices ever invented. Operate at speeds measured in nanoseconds and even in picoseconds.

• Network Computers - are computers with minimal memory, disk storage and processor power designed to connect a network, especially the Internet. A Network is the coordinated system of linked computer terminals or mini computer and mainframes that may operate independently but also share data and other resources.

•  

The terms "internal and external" bring the Disk Operating System (DOS)system to mind!

While the terms are still used these days, I'll refer to the DOS O/S example to help you understand the concept and their difference.

The DOS operating system requires a few critical files in order to work correctly, one of these is the 'command.com' file, which is a basic part of the operating system.

Command.com has built in commands, the so called "internal" commands and a few of them are "dir", "type", "vol", "date", etc. These commands are 'programmed' into the command.com file and do not require other files in order to work. On the other hand, we have commands such as "deltree", "undelete", "xcopy", etc. that are external commands, meaning that they require the actual application/file in order to use them, along with command.com.

First Generation

• The period of first generation : 1942 - 1954. Vacuum tube based.
• These tubes, like electric bulbs produced a lot of heat.
• Costly, unreliable, non-portable, huge size & consumed lot of electricity.
• Punched cards, Paper tape, Magnetic tape Input & Output device used.
• Machine code and electric wired board languages used.
• Batch processing operating system were used.
• Example: ENIAC, UNIVAC, IBM 650, IBM 750.

Second Generation

• The period of second generation : 1954 - 1964. Transistor based.
• Cheaper, consumed less power, compact, reliable and faster than 1st generation.
• Magnetic cores used as primary memory & magnetic tape, magnetic disks as secondary storage devices.
• High level programming language like FORTRAN, COBOL used.
• Batch processing and Multiprogramming Operating system used.
• Example: CDC 3600, IBM 1620, IBM 7094, UNIVAC 1108.

Third Generation

• The period of third generation : 1964 - 1972. Integrated Circuit (IC) based.
• A single I.C has many transistors, resistors & capacitors along with associated circuitry.
• Cheaper, consumed less power, compact, reliable and faster than 2nd generation.
• High level language (FORTRAN-II TO IV, COBOL, PASCAL, BASIC, ALGOL etc) used.
• Remote processing, Time-sharing, Real-time, Multi-programming Operating System used.
• Example: IBM-360 series, Honeywell-6000 series, PDP (Personal Data Processor), TDC-316.

Fourth Generation

• The period of fourth generation : 1972 - 1990. VLSI microprocessor based.
• Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI) circuits having about 5000 transistors, other circuit elements & associated circuits on a single chip made it possible.
• Compact, powerful, reliable, and affordable.
• Higher level languages like C and C++, DBASE etc used.
• Time sharing, Real time, Networks, Distributed Operating System used.
• Example: DEC 10, STAR 1000, PDP 11, CRAY-1 (Super Computer).

Fifth Generation

• The period of fifth generation : 1990 - onwards. ULSI microprocessor based.
• Ultra Large Scale Integration technology resulted in the production of microprocessor chips having ten million electronic components.
• Compact, powerful, affordable, user friendly interface & multimedia features.
• Higher level languages like C and C++, Java, .Net etc used.
• Development of superconductor, parallel processing & artificial intelligence (AI).
• Example: Desktop, Laptop, Notebook, Ultrabook.

[ - ]

The Analytical Engine was a proposed mechanical general-purpose computer designed by English mathematician and computer pioneer Charles Babbage. It was first described in 1837 as the successor to Babbage's difference engine, a design for a mechanical computer.] The Analytical Engine incorporated an arithmetic logic unit, control flow in the form ofconditional branching and loops, and integrated memory, making it the first design for a general-purpose computer that could be described in modern terms as Turing-complete.[ In other words, the logical structure of the Analytical Engine was essentially the same as that which has dominated computer design in the electronic era

Babbage was never able to complete construction of any of his machines due to conflicts with his chief engineer and inadequate funding. It was not until the 1940s that the first general-purpose computers were actually built, more than a century after Babbage had proposed the pioneering Analytical Engine in 1837.

Non-volatile memory is typically used for the task of secondary storage, or long-term persistent storage. The most widely used form of primary storage today is avolatile form of random access memory (RAM), meaning that when the computer is shut down, anything contained in RAM is lost.

Hardware

Hardware refers to the physical elements of a computer. This is also sometime called the machinery or the equipment of the computer. Examples of hardware in a computer are the keyboard, the monitor, the mouse and the processing unit. However, most of a computer's hardware cannot be seen; in other words, it is not an external element of the computer, but rather an internal one, surrounded by the computer's casing (tower). A computer's hardware is comprised of many different parts, but perhaps the most important of these is the motherboard. The motherboard is made up of even more parts that power and control the computer.

In contrast to software, hardware is a physical entity. Hardware and software are interconnected, without software, the hardware of a computer would have no function. However, without the creation of hardware to perform tasks directed by software via the central processing unit, software would be useless.

Hardware is limited to specifically designed tasks that are, taken independently, very simple. Software implements algorithms (problem solutions) that allow the computer to complete much more complex tasks.

A bit (short for binary digit) is the smallest unit of data in a computer. A bit has a singlebinary value, either 0 or 1. Although computers usually provide instructions that can test and manipulate bits, they generally are designed to store data and execute instructions in bit multiples called bytes. In most computer systems, there are eight bits in a byte. The value of a bit is usually stored as either above or below a designated level of electrical charge in a single capacitor within a memory device.

Half a byte (four bits) is called a nibble. In some systems, the term octet is used for an eight-bit unit instead of byte. In many systems, four eight-bit bytes or octets form a 32-bit word. In such systems, instruction lengths are sometimes expressed as full-word (32 bits in length) or half-word (16 bits in length).

A binary code represents text or computer processor instructions using the binary number system's two binary digits, 0 and 1. The binary code assigns a bit string to each symbol or instruction. For example, a binary string of eight binary digits (bits) can represent any of 256 possible values and can therefore correspond to a variety of different symbols, letters or instructions.

In computing and telecommunications, binary codes are used for various methods of encoding data, such as character strings, into bit strings. Those methods may use fixed-width or variable-width strings. In a fixed-width binary code, each letter, digit, or other character is represented by a bit string of the same length; that bit string, interpreted as a binary number, is usually displayed in code tables in octal, decimal or hexadecimal notation. There are many character sets and many character encodings for them.

A bit string, interpreted as a binary number, can be translated into a decimal number. For example, the lower case a, if represented by the bit string 01100001 (as it is in the standard ASCII code), can also be represented as the decimal number 97.

The output unit is formed by the output devices attached to the computer. The output coming from the CPU is in the form of electronic binary signals which needs conversion in some form which can be easily understood by human beings that is, characters, graphical or audio visual. This function of conversion is performed by output units. Some popular output devices are VDU (Visual Display Unit), printer, plotter, speech synthesizer .

akash institute,ims, caeeer

It consists of :BALANCE SHEET,PROFIT &LOSS A/C ,CASH FLOW STATEMENT

Sinking Fund is one kind of fund that is created to set aside revenue to meet any future liabilities or to buy fixed asset.

An operating budget is a combination of known expenses, expected future costs, and forecasted income over the course of a year. Operating budgetsare completed in advance of the accounting period, which is why they require estimated expenses and revenues.

An estimate of costs, revenues, and resources over a specified period, reflecting a reading of future financial conditions and goals.

OBJECTIVE OF BUDGET AS FOLLOWS

• Provide structure. A budget is especially useful for giving a company guidance regarding the direction in which it is supposed to be going. Thus, it forms the basis for planning what to do next. A CEO would be well advised to impose a budget on a company that does not have a good sense of direction. Of course, a budget will not provide much structure if the CEO promptly files away the budget and does not review it again until the next year. A budget only provides a significant amount of structure when management refers to it constantly, and judges employee performance based on the expectations outlined within it.
• Predict cash flows. A budget is extremely useful in companies that are growing rapidly, that have seasonal sales, or which have irregular sales patterns. These companies have a difficult time estimating how much cash they are likely to have in the near term, which results in periodic cash-related crises. A budget is useful for predicting cash flows, but yields increasingly unreliable results further into the future. Thus, providing a view of cash flows is only a reasonable budgeting objective if it covers the next few months of the budget.
• Allocate resources. Some companies use the budgeting process as a tool for deciding where to allocate funds to various activities, such as fixed asset purchases. Though a valid objective, it should be combined with capacity constraint analysis(which is more of an industrial engineering function than a financial function) to determine where resources should really be allocated.
• Model scenarios. If a company is faced with a number of possible paths down which it can travel, you can create a set of budgets, each based on different scenarios, to estimate the financial results of each strategic direction. Though useful, this objective can result in highly unlikely results if management lets itself become overly optimistic in inputting assumptions into the budget model.
• Measure performance. A common objective in creating a budget is to use it as the basis for judging employee performance, through the use of variances from the budget. This is a treacherous objective, since employees attempt to modify the budget to make their personal objectives easier to achieve (known as budgetary slack).

Conversely, budgeting may not be of much use for a well-established business that has a consistent track record of performance. In this case, a better approach may be to manage the organization from a rolling forecast that is updated on a regular basis.

ITS MCQ TYPE QUESTION.Most entrance paper will have three sections, english, general awareness and reasoning, mathmatical aptitude.

EVERY DEGREE HAS ITS VALUE.HAVING BOTH DEGREE WILL GIVE FLEXIBILITY IN YOUR CARRER .

ITS NOT REQUIRED, ONCE YOU CLEAR AFCAT Air force will trained you and you will be the part of indian air force.

TO DO THIS BUSINESS IF YOU COMLETE HOTEL MANAGEMENT IT WILL HELP.BUT THERE ARE NO HARD AND FIRST RULE THAT YOU HAVE TO COMPLETE THAT DEGREE.

Any organism whose genome has been modified by the addition or deletion of a gene is called genetically modified organism. Eg. Bt cotton (Bacillus thuringiensis cotton) is a genetically modified form of cotton.

THERE IS HUGE OPPOURTUNITY IN THIS SRCTORS.

Difference between Input & Output Devices of a Computer. Input and output devices are computer hardware components. An input device is a component used to feed information to a computer, whereas an output device gives processed information back to the user.

Its principle of natural justice.As stated in the Consumer Protection Act 1986, ‘the right to be heard and to be assured that consumer's interests will receive due consideration at appropriate forums’ is the definition of the right to be heard. This right helps to empower theconsumers of India for putting forward their complaints and concerns fearlessly and raising their voice against products or even companies and ensure that their issues are taken into consideration as well as handled expeditiously. However, till date the Indian Government has not formed even one outlet for hearing theconsumers or their issues to be sorted out.

The divisional organizational structure organizes the activities of a business around geographical, market, or product and service groups. Thus, a company organized on divisional lines could have operating groups for the United States or Europe, or for commercial customers, or for the green widget product line. Each such division contains a complete set of functions. Thus, the green widget division would handle its own accounting activities, sales and marketing, engineering, production, and so forth.

This approach is useful when decision-making should be clustered at the division level to react more quickly to local conditions. The divisional structure is especially useful when a company has many regions, markets, and/or products. However, it can cause higher total costs, and can result in a number of small, quarreling fiefdoms within a company that do not necessarily work together for the good of the entire entity.

The synchronization and integration of activities, responsibilities, and command and control structures to ensure that the resources of an organization are used most efficiently in pursuit of the specified objectives. Along with organizing, monitoring, and controlling, coordinating is one of the key functions of management.

Capitalized value of Average Profits this concept is used for valuation of goodwill.

There are three method for valuation of goodwill of business.

1. Super Profits Method

2.Capitalisation Method

3. Average Profits Method.

CAPILAIZED VALUUE IS DETERMINED THIS WAY

AVERAGE PROFIT IS DEVIDED BY RATE OF RETURN OF CAPITAL.

Planning premises means systemic and logical estimate for the future factors affecting planning. . According to Dr.G.R.Terry ,”planning premise are the assumptions providing a background against which the estimated events affecting the planning will take place”

IF YOU HAVE INEREST IN THE SUBJECT,SURELY ITS GOOD MOVE.BESIDES THERE IS DEARTH OF GOOD ELECTRONIC ENGEENER STILL TODAY.

Internal audits provide a number of important services to company management. These include detecting and preventing fraud, testing internal control, and monitoring compliance with company policy and government regulation. Smaller companies may require these functions even more than large companies. A small business simply cannot afford employee fraud, waste, or

Fraud

Small businesses lose millions of dollars every year to employee theft. Types of fraud committed by employees include skimming payments from customers, check tampering, cash theft and misuse of company credit cards, and improper payroll transactions. Many small-business owners may believe they lack the staff to create an internal audit policy or carry out audits to combat these problems. However, even with a small staff, a small business may create a program for monitoring employees and their behavior. An announced policy of internally auditing financial transactions for fraud may inhibit an employee from misusing company resources.

In India, the term "statutory auditor" refers to an external auditor whose appointment is mandated by law. A "statutory audit" is a legally required review of the accuracy of a company's or government's financial records.

Significance of Internal Auditing: Internal auditing refers to an assessment activity managed within a corporation as a check to the entity. Its main function is to monitor control within the corporation. The task of internal auditing is determined by organization itself, and its goals differ from those of the external auditor who is appointed to report independently. The depth and goals of internal auditing vary widely and depend on the volume and structure of the body and the requirements of its administration. Ordinarily, the importance of internal auditing can be seen by one or more of the following: 1.Implementing and monitoring of sufficient internal control. That is the duty of management that demands proper attention on a permanent basis. Internal auditors are ordinarily assigned definite task by management for reviewing controls, monitoring their function and suggesting improvements for them. 2.Inspection of monetary and operational information. This may include review of the means used to recognize, determine, categorize and report such information and definite inquiry into individual items as well as in depth testing of balances, transactions and procedures. 3.Review of the economy, effectiveness and efficiency of operations including non-financial controls of the corporation. 4.Review of fulfillment of laws, regulations and other external requirements and compliance with administration policies and commands.

The scope of internal auditing within an organization is broad and may involve topics such as an organization's governance, risk management and management controls over: efficiency/effectiveness of operations (including safeguarding of assets), the reliability of financial and management reporting, and compliance with ..

After entering in all vouchers, only then can auditing start. Vouching is defined as the "verification of entries in the books of account by examination of documentary evidence or vouchers, such as invoices, debit and credit notes, statements, receipts, etc.

Sharewares

Software

ENIAC

INPUT UNIT,OUTPUT,STRAGE,CPU&ALU.

Mouse

WINDOWS OPERATING SYSTEM.

ASCII

John con Neumann

8 bits are there in ASCII codes.

.doc

Ctrl+ home

Its Relational Database

An arithmetic logic unit (ALU) is a digital circuit used to perform arithmetic and logic operations. It represents the fundamental building block of the central processing unit (CPU) of a computer. Modern CPUs contain very powerful and complex ALUs. In addition to ALUs, modern CPUs contain a control unit (CU)

The purpose of the ALU is to perform mathematical operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. Additionally, the ALU processes basic logical operations like AND/OR calculations. Also known as the arithmetic logic unit, it serves as the computational hub of the Central Processing Unit (CPU) for a computer system

The von Neumann architecture, also known as thevon Neumann model and Princeton architecture, is a computer architecture based on that described in 1945 by the mathematician and physicist John von Neumann and others in the First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC.

 The idea of ‘stored program computer’ in which data and instructions are stored in ROM, memory contents are addressable and execution tales place in a sequential fashion was proposed by Von Neumann.

Von Neumann’s Architecture influenced the computer making to a large extent as all the pioneer computers were designed according to this architecture.

Market segmentation is a marketing strategy which involves dividing a broad targetmarket into subsets of consumers, businesses, or countries that have, or are perceived to have, common needs, interests, and priorities, and then designing and implementing strategies to target them.

After BBA degree, one can try for executive job positions in marketing firms, IT firms, etc. They can get in to the role of Business Development Executive, Sales Manager, etc in firms offering such jobs. Tourism sector and Management sector also offers various career opportunities for BBA graduates. After completing BBA one can seek admission to MBA degree through competitive exams like CAT or MAT. Those who possess good score in these exams can get admission in top management colleges.

The Principles of Management are the essential, underlying factors that form the foundations of successful management. According to Henri Fayol in his book General and Industrial Management (1916), there are fourteen 'Principles of Management'.

BITS PILANI 

graduation

There is no age limit to take up the CLTA exams.

IN MY OPINION CS COURSE WOULD BE BEST OPTION

clatgyan.com and clathacker.com

I THINK MAHINDRA IS THE BEST

FIRST OF ALL ALONG WITH GRADUATION YOU SHOULD START BANK PO PREPARATION.THEN ALONG WITH PO EXAM YOU CAN PREPARE OTHER GOVT COMPETITIVE EXAM.

No limit on attempts , but Age limit

PNB

DEEPIKA PADUKONE

1. english

2. mathmatics

3. general awareness and reasoning. YOU SHOULD EXCEL IN EVERY SECTION

 XAT, MAT, GRE, GMAT

ALONG WITH MBA ,CS IS GOOD BUT YOU SHOULD CONSIDER CA.CA ALONG WITH MBA IS SUPERB COMBINATION.ALL THE VERY BEST.

Take it easy.concentrate more on your graduation.Along with graduation in first year just go through the question paper to have an idea.In this phase do not try too hard for CAT.

 I THINK MBA IN MARKETING IS BETTER PROSPECT.IN FIANCE THERE IS TRICKY SCENARIO ,AS IN FOR FINANCE THERE IS LOT OF OPTION TO EMPLOYER. THEY MOSTLY INTERESTED APPOINT CA RATHER THAN MBA.

"Strategy is the direction and scope of an organisation over the long-term: which achieves advantage for the organisation through its configuration of resources within a challenging environment, to meet the needs of markets and to fulfil stakeholder expectations".

Leadership is both a research area and a practical skill, regarding the ability of an individual or organization to "lead" or guide other individuals, teams, or entire organizations. Controversial viewpoints are present in the literature, among Eastern and Western approaches to leadership, and also within the West, on US vs. European approaches. In US academic environments leadership is defined as "a process of social influence in which a person can enlist the aid andsupport of others in the accomplishment of a common task". Leadership seen from a European and non-academic perspective encompasses a view of a leader who can be moved both by communitarian goals but also by the search for personal power.

Control, or controlling, is one of the managerial functions like planning, organizing, staffing and directing. It is an important function because it helps to check the errors and to take the corrective action so that deviation from standards are minimized and stated goals of the organization are achieved in a desired manner.

According to modern concepts, control is a foreseeing action whereas earlier concept of control was used only when errors were detected. Control in management means setting standards, measuring actual performance and taking corrective action.

Planning (also called forethought) is the process of thinking about and organizing the activities required to achieve a desired goal. It involves the creation and maintenance of a plan, such as psychological aspects that require conceptual skills. There are even a couple of tests to measure someone’s capability of planning well. As such, planning is a fundamental property of intelligent behavior.

TIME MANAGEMENT IS ALL ABOUT DOING THE JOB AS PER PRIORITY.

Definition: Forward buying

It is a process related to retail inventories, wherein they are purchased in quantity excess to demand. This is practised by retailer when they find manufacturers selling the product at a discounted price and purchase the items bulk. Now when the price of the product is set to original price by the manufacturer, retailer can make profit by selling the item purchased at low price earlier

There are many ways to edit files in Unix and for me one of the best ways is using screen-oriented text editor vi. This editor enable you to edit lines in context with other lines in the file.

Now a days you would find an improved version of vi editor which is called VIM. Here VIM stands for Vi IMproved.

The vi is generally considered the de facto standard in Unix editors because −

• It's usually available on all the flavors of Unix system.

• Its implementations are very similar across the board.

• It requires very few resources.

• It is more user friendly than any other editors like ed or ex.

You can use vi editor to edit an existing file or to create a new file from scratch. You can also use this editor to just read a text file.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Flowchart

Advantages Of Using FLOWCHARTS: • Communication: Flowcharts are better way of communicating the logic of a system to all concerned or involved. • Effective analysis: With the help of flowchart, problem can be analysed in more effective way therefore reducing cost and wastage of time. • Proper documentation: Program flowcharts serve as a good program documentation, which is needed for various purposes, making things more efficient. • Efficient Coding: The flowcharts act as a guide or blueprint during the systems analysis and program development phase. • Proper Debugging: The flowchart helps in debugging process. • Efficient Program Maintenance: The maintenance of operating program becomes easy with the help of flowchart. It helps the programmer to put efforts more efficiently on that part

Disadvantages Of Using FLOWCHARTS: • Complex logic: Sometimes, the program logic is quite complicated. In that case, flowchart becomes complex and clumsy. This will become a pain for the user, resulting in a waste of time and money trying to correct the problem • Alterations and Modifications: If alterations are required the flowchart may require re-drawing completely. This will usually waste valuable time.  

A wildcard character is a special character that represents one or more othercharacters. The most commonly used wildcard characters are the asterisk (*), which typically represents zero or more characters in a string of characters, and the question mark (?), which typically represents any one character.

IT IS A PROGRAMME FOR SPECIFIC TASK RELATING TO INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY.

The main difference between an interpreter and a compiler is that compilation requires analysis and the generation of machine code only once, whereas an interpreter may need to analyse and interpret the same program statements each time it meets them e.g. instructions appearing within a loop. For example the following Visual Basic code would be interpreted each time the loop is entered:

For iCountvar = To 20 iSum = iSum + iCountvar Pic.Display iSum Next iCountvar

WYSIWYG  is an acronym for "what you see is what you get". In computing, a WYSIWYG editor is a system in which content (text and graphics) onscreen during editing appears in a form closely corresponding to its appearance when printed or displayed as a finished product, which might be a printed document, web page, or slide presentation.

floppy disk is a magnetic storage medium with only 1.44 M capacity, while a CD is an optical disc that can store 700M  CDs are based on physical dimples in the disk surface, or light-reactive ink layers for RW media. Floppies cannot store much at all A CD will hold more than 450 floppies. CDs and floppy disks are both circular - the floppy disk's square shape is a case containing a circular disk.

Data refers to a collection of organised information, usually the result of experience, observation or experiment, other information within a computer system, or a set of premises. This may consist of numbers, words, or images, particularly as measurements or observations of a set of variables.  Information as a concept has a diversity of meanings, from everyday usage to technical settings. Generally speaking, the concept of information is closely related to notions of constraint, communication, control, data, form, instruction, knowledge, meaning, mental stimulus, pattern, perception, and representation.

Office automation system refers to using computer based methods of carrying out activities that primarily involve information related activities such as collecting information, storing and retrieving it, analysing information, taking decisions based on information, and communicating it. As the name implies, these systems are applicable in office environment, which primarily deal with information rather than physical material and activities. However, the office automation systems need to interface with other physical systems, and may cover the information related aspects of physical activities also. For example, an attendance recording system is a type of automated system collects information of employees coming to and leaving the work place, and then uses this this information to prepare their attendance records.

There is no universally accepted way of classifying office automation systems. One common way of describing the type of an automated office system is by the function performed by it. For example an automated system for processing payroll of employees is called payroll system, and a system that prepares accounts is called accounting system. A very important part of office automation system in most of the companies is the e-mail system. Office automation systems can also cover application that enable managers to improve the quality of their decision. Such system could be very rudimentary like a general electronic spreadsheet software installed on PC's of individuals, or it could be a highly sophisticated integrated system for planning incorporating multiple applications like ERP, PPC, forecasting

you must be very good at statistics if you want to do well in accounting. Otherwise, with minimum knowledge you cannot manage your day to day transactions effectively in accounting.

The difference between consignor and consignee. The consignment process involves sending goods from a consignor to a consignee. The consignee is tasked with then selling the goods to an independent third party. Until the ultimate sale occurs, the consignor continues to retain ownership in the goods

Bills Receivable and Bills Payable Books. It is used to record the full details of billsreceived from customers and others. All the details of the bill-date, acceptor's name, amount, term, place of payment, etc. are entered in the bills receivable book for presentation and further reference.

basic knowledge is required.but analytical power should be sound.

The Accounts payable cycle is one of the internal processes of operating cycle in which time is measured for making cash outflows into cash inflows. In the process of Accounts payable cycle time taken for receiving cash or money in accounts payable is measured. This time taken is directly proportional to the mean number of days taken for converting business into sales in the process of accounts payable.Accounts payable cycle starts with cash. Cash converted to goods, goods converted into credit sales, credit sales converted to creditors, and finally creditors converted to payables. Thanks

MIS or Management Information System is a computer based system used by most organizations worldwide for transforming data into useful information for better decision making. It helps management make better plans and carefully organize business operations. Management information system is used for generating reports including inventory status reports, financial statements, performance reports etc. These reports are essential for analyzing different aspects of business. These reports also help to answer 'what-if' questions like what would be the effect on cash flows of a company if the credit term is changed for its customers etc.  MIS reports also support decision making and it helps to integrate the decision maker and the quantitative model being used. These automated systems allow managers to make decisions for smooth & successful operation of businesses. The systems includes computer resources, people, and procedures used in the modern business enterprise.

Material facts means the vouchers, Bills and any relevant document like Invoices, Bills of Lading, Debit and Credit Notes, Receipts, etc., on the basis of which the accounts books prepared and get audited.

Purchase Returns

Purchases returns, or returns outwards, are a normal part of business. Goods may be returned to supplier if they carry defects or if they are not according to the specifications of the buyer.

Accounting for Purchase Returns

There is need to account for purchase returns as though no purchase had occurred in the first place.

Hence, the value of goods returned to the supplier must be deducted from purchases.

If purchase was initially made on credit, the payable recognized must be reversed by the amount of purchases returned. If the purchases in respect of the goods returned were made for cash, then a receivable must be recognized to acknowledge the asset resulting from the expected reimbursement to be received from the supplier in respect of the returned goods.

This concept is the basis of double entry accounting, which is required by allaccounting frameworks in order to produce reliable financial statements. Theconcept is derived from the accounting equation, which states that: Assets = Liabilities + Equity.

Accounting is an activity of record keeping and preparation & presentation of financial statement, whereas Auditing is an activity of verification and evaluation of financial statement. So, Auditing starts where Accounting ends. These two business terms are many times juxtaposed as they are very closely intertwined with each other. This article excerpt will make an attempt to clear all the differences between Accounting and Auditing.

Companies act 2013 provided Financial Statement to be prepared according to ACCOUNTING STANDARD (AS)issued by ICAI.

When deciding upon which field of study to pursue within accounting, the decision may come down to working in public accounting or private accounting. In essence, public accounting involves being an independent third party that examines the financial statements and supporting systems of client companies to see if their financial statements fairly represent the results, financial position, and cash flows of the clients.

Private accounting is entirely different, since it involves setting up systems and recording business transactions that are aggregated into financial statements

CPA -Certified Public ACCOUNTANT.THEY ARE STATUTORY ACCOUNTANT OF USA.

The services provided by public accounting firms will vary by the size and the expertise of the firm. Here are some of the public accounting services: preparation, review, and auditing of the clients' financial statements. tax work including the preparation of income tax returns, and estate and tax planning.

this term refers a person who has primary responsibility for an account, whether it be for an individual or corporate client. It is used often in the advertising and public relations business, but can also be used in financial services business.

The basic accounting equation is

Assets = Capital +  Liabilities.

ICAI  is Institute of Chartered Accountants of India.

I HAVE CLEARED 1ST GROUP OF CA FINAL.Rest you know.

Value Added Tax

The periodic system relies upon an occasional physical count of the inventory to determine the ending inventory balance and the cost of goods sold, while theperpetual system keeps continual track of inventory balances. There are a number of other differences between the two systems, which are as follows: Accounts.

Definition. Asset created by an accounting entry (and included under assets in the balance sheet) that has no tangible existence or realizable value but represents actual cash expenditure

A departmental accounting system is an accounting information system that records the activities and financial information about the department. Managers can use the financial information from the departmental accounting system to tell how profitable and efficient each department is.

INACTIVE AND DORMANT ACCOUNT

If you have a current or a savings bank account and have not done any transactions through it for more than 12 months, then it will be classified as an inactive account. And if you don’t do any transactions from a bank account for 24 months, then it will be classified as dormant. As per Reserve Bank of India (RBI) guidelines, an account becomes dormant if a customer does not initiate transactions such as withdrawal of cash at a branch or automated teller machine (ATM), payment by cheque, transfer of funds through Internet banking, phone banking or ATMs.

a house or building, together with its land and outbuildings, occupied by a business or considered in an official context

The basic principles of financial internal control are explained below:Financial and accounting operations must be separated that is the handling of cash and the recording of the movement thereof should be done by different persons. Responsibility for the performance of the job must be clearly stated so that there may be no room for doubt or confusion subsequently.

System Software

The programs and the file that comprises the operating system are called system software. These files include configuration files, system preferences, system services, libraries of functions and the drivers for the hardwar.

The subclass of a computer program which utilizes the capabilities of computer is called application software. Application here means the application software and the implementation. The example of application software programs includes media players, spreadsheets and word processors. When multiple applications are packaged together then it is called application suite

Service Tax levied on service provided taxable territory i.e pan india except jammu and kashmir.Excise duty levied goods manufatured in india.Both included in th Union list.

IF I AM DEDUCTOR THEN TDS IN AMOUNT DUE TO GOVT IT WILL APPEAR LIABILITIES SIDE OF BALANCE SHEET

a statement of the assets, liabilities, and capital of a business or other organization at a particular point in time, detailing the balance of income and expenditure over the preceding period.

There are two types of business trasaction .Revenue transactin i.e transaction day to day activities.Other is capital transaction i.e for long term objective e.g purchase of fixed asset.

TDS stands for Tax deducted at Source. Payer deducts tax when making payment to other.If payment is taxable under income tax act in the hands of payee.

Debit-Dr

Credit-Cr.

dual aspect we prefer most

golden rule

I prefer using accounting application of my previous company.

He should have habit of Never Say No attitude.

As money became a commodity, the money market became a component of the financial markets for assets involved in short-term borrowing, lending, buying and selling with original maturities of one year or less. Trading in money markets is done over the counter and is wholesale.

motivation epicenter of any success.that is why.

An authoritarian leadership style is being used when a leader dictates policies and procedures, decides what goals are to be achieved, and directs and controls all activities without any meaningful participation by the subordinates. This leader has full control of the team, leaving low autonomy within the group.[1] The leader has a vision in mind and must be able to effectively motivate their group to finish the task. The group is expected to complete the tasks under very close supervision, while unlimited authority is granted to the leader. Subordinate's responses to the orders given are either punished or rewarded.

The informal organization is the interlocking social structure that governs how people work together in practice. It is the aggregate of, norms, personal and professional connections through which work gets done and relationships are built among people who share a common organizational affiliation or cluster of affiliations. It consists of a dynamic set of personal relationships, social networks, communities of common interest, and emotional sources of motivation. The informal organization evolves, and the complex social dynamics of its members also.

Investment decisions are made by investors and investment managers. Investors commonly perform investment analysis by making use of fundamental analysis, technical analysis and gut feel. Investment decisions are often supported bydecision tools.

• Serves as constructive notice to the public of the registrant's ownership of the trademark
• Establishes a legal presumption of your ownership of the mark and your exclusive right to use the trademark nationwide on or in connection with the goods and/or services listed in the registration
• Allows the registrant to bring an action concerning the trademark in federal court
• indian registration can be used as a basis to obtain registration in foreign countries
• Can be filed with indian Customs to prevent the importation of infringing foreign goods

The major functions that a manager completes can be categorized into four different functions, known asplanning, organizing, leading, and controlling; a fifth function of staffing also appears in some management literature. This lesson will focus on the second managerial function, known as organizing. The organizing function is carried out once a plan, or an outline for how to achieve some organizational goal, is in place. Many believe organizing is the most critical of managerial functions because of its ability to help or hinder an organizational plan and thus profoundly affect organizational success.

Warehousing and warehouse management are part of a logistics management system, which is itself a component in supply chain management. Although viewed by some as simply a place to store finished goods, inbound functions that prepare items for storage and outbound functions that consolidate, pack and ship orders provide important economic and service benefits to both the business and its customers

The democratic leadership style consists of the leader sharing the decision-making abilities with group members by promoting the interests of the group members and by practicing social equality.

Under the capital structure, decision the proportion of long-term sources of capital is determined. Most favourable proportion determines the optimum capital structure. That happens to be the need of the company because EPS happens to be the maximum on it. Some of the chief factors affecting the choice of the capital structure are the following:

(1) Cash Flow Position:(2) Interest Coverage Ratio-ICR:(3) Debt Service Coverage Ratio-DSCR:

(4) Return on Investment-ROI:(5) Cost of Debt:(6) Tax Rate:(7) Cost of Equity Capital:

What is 'Efficiency'

Efficiency signifies a level of performance that describes a process that uses the lowest amount of inputs to create the greatest amount of outputs. Efficiency relates to the use of all inputs in producing any given output, including personal time and energy. Efficiency is a measurable concept that can be determined by determining the ratio of useful output to total input. It minimizes the waste of resources such as physical materials, energy and time, while successfully achieving the desired output

Planning premises means systemic and logical estimate for the future factors affecting planning. 3. According to Dr.G.R.Terry ,”planning premise are the assumptions providing a background against which the estimated events affecting the planning will take place”.

The degree to which objectives are achieved and the extent to which targeted problems are solved. In contrast to efficiency, effectiveness is determined without reference to costs and, whereas efficiency means "doing the thing right," effectiveness means "doing the right thing."

In human resource development, induction training is a form of introduction for new starters in order to enable them to do their work in a new profession or job role within a business (or establishment).

Standing Plans

Standing plans are often policies, procedures and programs developed to ensure the internal operations of a given business are operating smoothly. Standing plans are often developed once and then modified to suit the business' needs as required. Examples of standing plans include policies for employee interaction, procedures for reporting internal issues in the company and regulations in terms of what is allowable and what is prohibited in the business.

Single-Use Plans

A single-use plan in a business environment refers to plans developed for a one-time project or event that has one specific goal or objective. The length of a single-use plan differs greatly depending on the project in question, as a single event plan may only last one day while a single project may last weeks or months. Single-use plans consist of budgets, programs and a description of the employees who will be contributing to the single-use plan in question.

1. Right to Safety:2. Right to Information:3. Right to be Heard or Right to Representation:4. Right to Consumer Education:

Important principles of directing:

(1) Principle of Maximum Individual Contribution

(2) Principle of Harmony of Objectives:

(3) Principle of Unity of Command:

Marketing Objectives: marketing management determines the marketing objectives. The marketing objectives may be short term or long term and need a clear approach. They have to be in coherence with the aims and objectives of the organization. Planning: After objectively determining the marketing Objectives, the important function of the marketing Management is to plan how to achieve those objectives. This includes sales forecast, marketing programmes formulation, marketing strategies. Organization: A plan once formulated needs implementation. Organizing functions of marketing management involves the collection and coordination of required means to implement a plan and to achieved pre determined objectives. The organization involves structure of marketing organization, duties, responsibilities and powers of various members of the marketing organization. Coordination: Coordination refers to harmonious adjustment of the activities of the marketing organization. It involves coordination among various activities such as sales forecasting, product planning, product development, transportation, warehousing etc. Direction: Direction in marketing management refers to development of new markets, leadership of employees, motivation,

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At present, there are no tailormade courses for adventure tourism in India. The best course of action for those keen on a career in adventure tourism, in my opinion, would be to finish their graduation and follow it up with an MBA in Tourism Administration from the Indian Institute of Tourism and Travel Management, apart from which there are numerous universities-like the Himachal University, the Kurukshetra University-that offer a Master's programme in Tourism Administration. While in college it would be equally important to immerse fully into adventure sports.  There are a number of clubs, institutions (like the Youth Hostels' Association of India) and commercial outfitters offering trekking, wildlife activities and river rafting trips and it would be ideal to gain as much experience as possible as well as test your resolve and commitment about getting into adventure tourism. 

At present, there are no tailormade courses for adventure tourism in India. The best course of action for those keen on a career in adventure tourism, in my opinion, would be to finish their graduation and follow it up with an MBA in Tourism Administration from the Indian Institute of Tourism and Travel Management, apart from which there are numerous universities-like the Himachal University, the Kurukshetra University-that offer a Master's programme in Tourism Administration. While in college it would be equally important to immerse fully into adventure sports.  There are a number of clubs, institutions (like the Youth Hostels' Association of India) and commercial outfitters offering trekking, wildlife activities and river rafting trips and it would be ideal to gain as much experience as possible as well as test your resolve and commitment about getting into adventure .

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IN WHICH FIELD,YOU HAVE TO MENTION IT.

Popular ADS Full Form / Abbreviati

• Alternate Data Stream
• Application Development System

The Historical Rate of Return for the major indexes is an important part of stock market history.  The rate of historical returns needs to include dividend distributions in order to get an accurate measure of the total return one would have gotten from investing in the stock market.

The price/earnings ratio (often shortened to the P/E ratio or the PER) is the ratio of a company's stock price to the company's earnings per share. The ratio is used in valuing companies.

Reasons of time preference of money :

1) Risk :

There is uncertainty about the receipt of money in future.

2) Preference for present consumption :

Most of the persons and companies have a preference for present consumption may be due to urgency of need.

3) Investment opportunities :

Most of the persons and companies have preference for present money because of availabilities of opportunities of investment for earning additional cash flows.

 There are lots of disadvantages of budgetary control, if we do not use it properly whose list has given below.  

1. Based of Historical Accounting Data 

All budgets are made on the basis of historical data. If there is any mistake or window dressing inthe accounting data, then it is the chance that budget will not become correct. Incorrect budgets will direct for incorrect budgetary control.  

2. Pressure on a Certain Person 

We all know, in the budget, targets are fixed. If targets are more than the capacity and resources of concern, it may give the pressure on a certain responsible employee. For fulfilling the targets, employee may use wrong ways. For example, you have to fulfil the insurance sales target in next one month. This is your sales budget but it has not made fully systematic. Wrong estimations have been taken on this, this budget was made. So, way of budgetary control through this will decrease the efficiency of employees instead of increasing the efficiency.  

3. Misuse the Technique 

Sometime, budgets are made just for window dressing. You know what is your actual performance. As per real budgeted data, your performance will very adverse. But, you have changed the figure of budget and new your performance is looking good. All these things will be wrong for achieving great targets.  

4. Time Consuming 

Time consuming in making budgets should be compare with the value of time of employees. Life is only today. Do best today will be helpful for making better tomorrow. Same time, we can use for motivating our employees. This may also increase the productivity of our employees. More time consumption may be big disadvantage of budgetary control. 

A scatter plot (also called a scatter graph, scatter chart, scattergram, or scatter diagram) is a type of plot ormathematical diagram using Cartesian coordinates to display values for typically two variables for a set of data. If the points are color-coded you can increase the number of displayed variables to three. The data is displayed as a collection of points, each having the value of one variable determining the position on the horizontal axis and the value of the other variable determining the position on the vertical axis.

Software product lines, or software product line development, refers to softwareengineering methods, tools and techniques for creating a collection of similarsoftware systems from a shared set of software assets using a common means of production.

An operating system used by computer

its group decisiob support systems

There are a number of Decision Support Systems. These can be categorized into five types:

• Communication-driven DSS  Most communications-driven DSSs are targetted at internal teams, including partners. Its purpose are to help conduct a meeting, or for users to collaborate. The most common technology used to deploy the DSS is a web or client server. Examples: chats and instant messaging softwares, online collaboration and net-meeting systems.

   

• Data-driven DSS  Most data-driven DSSs are targeted at managers, staff and also product/service suppliers. It is used to query a database or data warehouse to seek specific answers for specific purposes. It is deployed via a main frame system, client/server link, or via the web. Examples: computer-based databases that have a query system to check (including the incorporation of data to add value to existing databases.

   

• Document-driven DSS  Document-driven DSSs are more common, targeted at a broad base of user groups. The purpose of such a DSS is to search web pages and find documents on a specific set of keywords or search terms. The usual technology used to set up such DSSs are via the web or a client/server system. Examples:

   

• Knowledge-driven DSS:  Knowledge-driven DSSs or 'knowledgebase' are they are known, are a catch-all category covering a broad range of systems covering users within the organization seting it up, but may also include others interacting with the organization - for example, consumers of a business. It is essentially used to provide management advice or to choose products/services. The typical deployment technology used to set up such systems could be 

Components of the main decision-support system :

1. Hardware : a personal computer or computer network

2. Software : database programs , management programs

3. HumanResource : trained and experienced staff for the areas of operations research, decision support, analysis , statistical analysis, computer technology, networking and communications .

4. Procedures

5. The user interface: dialogue with the program

6. Database

7. Forms and models database

A decision support system (DSS) is a computer program application that analyzes business data and presents it so that users can make business decisions more easily. It is an "informational application" (to distinguish it from an "operational application" that collects the data in the course of normal business operation).Typical information that a decision support application might gather and pre

     DSS characteristics? 1. DSS are designed specifically to facilitate decision processes, 2. DSS should support rather than automate decision making, and 3. DSS should be able to respond quickly to the changing needs of decision makers.sent would be:

When a gene from one organism is purposely moved to improve or change another organism in a laboratory, the result is a genetically modified organism (GMO). It is also sometimes called "transgenic" for transfer of genes. There are different ways of moving genes to produce desirable traits

type of filter 1.high pass filter 2.low pass filter 3.band pass filter 4.active filter 5.passive filter 

Methods of issuing securities in the Primary Market

Methods of issuing securities in the Primary Market 1. Initial Public Offer; 2. Rights Issue (For existing Companies); and 3. Preferential Issue.

1. All the external forces:

Business Environment includes all the forces, institutions and factors which directly or indirectly affect the Business Organizations.

2. Specific and general forces:

Business environment includes specific forces such as investors, customers, competitors and suppliers. Non-human or general forces are Social, Legal, Technological, Political, etc. which affect the Business indirectly.

3. Inter-relation:

All the forces and factors of Business Environment are inter-related to each other. For example with inclination of youth towards western culture, the demand for fast food is increasing.

The following factors should be kept in mind while selecting brand name.

1. Simple and easy to pronounce

Simple and easy brand name should be selected for a product so that it can be understood and pronounced by all customers. The brand name which can be pronounced easily by educated, uneducated, old, young, children etc. becomes popular. A brand name, which is easily pronounceable by any person speaking any language, dialect becomes popular among the people.

2. Short

A good brand name should be short. Short name becomes easy to pronounce and remember. Short brand name can be printed on little space or set on products.

3. Easy to recognize and remember

Brand name or symbol should be easy to remember and recognize. Short and simple brand name can be easily recognized when seen and remember for long.

4. New and attractive

New and attractive brand name should be selected for any product. As far as possible, the brand name should be selected new and unique and has not been used by any other companies. It should be attractive so that a large number of customers are attracted. Such brand names should be also memorable.

The various stages in the process of planning are as follows:

1. Goal setting:

Plans are the means to achieve certain ends or objec­tives. Therefore, establishment of organizational or overall objectives is the first step in planning. Setting objectives is the most crucial part of planning. The organizational objectives should be set in key areas of operations.

2. Developing the planning premises:

Before plans are prepared, the assumptions and conditions underlying them must be clearly defined these assumptions are called planning premises and they can be identified through accurate forecasting of likely future events.

3. Reviewing Limitations:

In practice, several constraints or limitations affect the ability of an organization to achieve its objectives. These limitations restrict the smooth operation of plans and they must be anticipated and provided for.

4. Deciding the planning period:

Once the broad goals, planning premises and limitations are laid down, the next step is to decide the period of planning. The planning period should be long enough to permit the fulfillment of the commitments involved in a decision.

5. Formulation of policies and strategies:

After the goals are defined and planning premises are identified, management can formulate poli­cies and strategies for the accomplishment of desired results. The res­ponsibility for laying down policies and strategies lies usually with management. But, the subordinates should be consulted as they are to implement the policies and strategies.

A deviation that is a difference between an observed value and the true value of a quantity of interest (such as a population mean) is an error and a deviation that is the difference between the observed value and an estimate of the true value (such an estimate may be a sample mean) is a residual.

Capital to fund day to day operating activities is called WORKING CAPITAL.

What is 'Fixed Capital'

Assets or capital investments that are needed to start up and conduct business, even at a minimal stage. These assets are considered fixed in that they are not used up in the actual production of a good or service, but have a reusable value. Fixed-capital investments are typically depreciated on the company's accounting statements over a long period of time, up to 20 years or more. Examples include factories, office buildings, computer servers, insurance policies, legal contracts and manufacturing equipment – anything that is not continually purchased in the course of production of a good or services.

1. Estimating manpower requirement:

Staffing process begins with the estimation of manpower requirement which means finding out number and type of employees needed by the organisation in near future. Manpower requirement is not only to find out number of people needed but also the type of people.

Type means what should be the qualification educational background of the people whom we need to appoint. While assessing the type of manpower required company should also make policy regarding number of people to be appointed from backward classes, women force, minority, etc.

For estimating manpower Requirement Company will take following three steps:

(i) Work load Analysis.

(ii) Workforce Analysis.

(iii) Comparing both to find out requirement.

A functional organization is a common type oforganizational structure in which the organization is divided into smaller groups based on specializedfunctional areas, such as IT, finance, or marketing.

Your Responsibilities

 A consumer hasresponsibilities, such as:

• Research and compare products or services before you buy them.
• Check the qualifications of service providers.
• Read and follow product instructions.
• Get what you pay for.

Product is the concept of the phisical or intangible thing that is going to be marketed, that is divided into three major (with subdivisions each) concentric circles.  1) Simple Product: What it is, color, substance, characteristics, need that satisfies.  2) Real Product: Packaging, image, advertising, public personality, shape, colors, semiology of all the above.  3) Amplified Product: all the differential advantages, as in guarantees, service, customer atention, etc.  Production on the other hand is the methods, processes and organization to develop and massively construct or build the product.  If its intangible this is just the same, only that is "just in time" either way processes must be desinged prior to the sale.

NATURE OF BUSINESS,PRODUCTION CYCLE, DIVIDEND POLICY.RAPIDITY OF TURNOVER

PROCURE FUND FROM THE MARKET AT CHEAPEST RATE. USE THIS FUND TO THE PROJECT WHERE RETURN IS MAXIMUM.

A financial market is a market in which people trade financial securities, commodities, and other fungible items of value at low transaction costs and at prices that reflect supply and demand. Securities include stocks and bonds, and commodities include precious metals or agricultural products.

Following points explain the importance or benefits of personal selling:

1. Two-Way Communication:

It is the best tool for two-way communication. Salesman can provide necessary information to customer about company’s offer, and also can collect information from customer. Customer can actively involve with salesman to solve his doubts and objections. It is not possible in any other methods of market promotion.

2. Personal Attention:

Advertising and publicity are among mass communication tools. They do not cater individual needs. Personal selling focuses on personal problems of customers. It is comparatively more effective and result-oriented.

3. Detail Demonstration:

Except television advertisements, demonstration is not possible. However, television demonstration is much limited. Salesman can provide a detail demonstration and can supervise when customer is making the actual use of products. For technical products, it has more relevance.

The following factors will influence price determination:

• The form of the market. Perfect competition. There are many buyers and sellers in the market, and supply and demand determines the price. Monopolistic competition. ...
• The nature of the demand. Price is also affected by the elasticity of demand. Inelastic demand.

Key Result Area (KRA)

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Definition: Key Result Area (KRA)

The key result areas or KRAs is a concept on which the individual performance is measured and these are the activities which have an impact on the bottom line of the business. In general it is very difficult to measure. However a basic model explaining the KRA can be discussed as follows.

(1) Semantic Barriers

There is always a possibility of misunderstanding the feelings of the sender of the message or getting a wrong meaning of it. The words, signs, and figures used in the communication are explained by the receiver in the light of his experience which creates doubtful situations. This happens because the information is not sent in simple language.

The chief language-related barriers are as under:

(i) Badly Expressed Message:

Because of the obscurity of language there is always a possibility of wrong interpretation of the messages. This barrier is created because of the wrong choice of words, in civil words, the wrong sequence of sentences and frequent repetitions. This may be called linguistic chaos.

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(ii) Symbols or Words with Different Meanings:

A symbol or a word can have different meanings. If the receiver misunderstands the communication, it becomes meaningless. For example, the word ‘value’ can have different meanings in the following sentences:

(a) What is the value of computer education these days?

(b) What is the value of this mobile set?

(c) Value our friendsh

A gossip protocol ] is a style of computer-to-computer communication protocol inspired by the form of gossip seen in social networks. Modern distributed systems often use gossip protocols to solve problems that might be difficult to solve in other ways, either because the underlying network has an inconvenient structure, is extremely large, or because gossip solutions are the most efficient ones available.

The term epidemic protocol is sometimes used as a synonym for a gossip protocol, because gossip spreads information in a manner similar to the spread of avirus in a biological community.

Types of Non-financial Incentives

Most types of non-financial incentives fall into four buckets:  recognition, reward, opportunity, and flexibility. Consider the following list of ideas for new ways to validate and engage in lieu of a pay increase or bonus.

RecognitionRewardOpportunityFlexibility1. Award presentation in front of peers1. Vouchers1. Chance to lead teams and tasks1. Paid personal days2. Dinner with CEO2. Prizes2. Paid training2. Flexible scheduling3. Enhanced decision making3. Gift cards3. Promotion3. Telecommuting options4. New office or upgraded work space4. Paid parking or transit pass4. Mentorship program4. Ability to stop working on least favorite task

 Planning Non-financial Incentives

vestibule training. A variant of job rotation in which a separate work area is set up for a trainee so that the actual work situation does not pressure the trainee. Examples are cockpit simulators and other machine simulators.

Job Rotation is a management approach where employees are shifted between two or more assignments or jobs at regular intervals of time in order to expose them to all verticals of an organization.

Some of the major types of external sources are as follows: 1. Advertisement in Newspapers 2. Employment Exchanges 3. Field Trips 4. Educational Institutions 5. Labour Contractors 6. Employee Referrals 7. Telecasting 8. Direct Employment or Recruitment Notice at Factory Gate.

The Role of Human Resources Personnel 

The role of human resources in a decentralized system is fairly similar to that in to a centralized one. However, the way in which HR operates is quite different. Activities are more spread out in a decentralized system, as each business unit or store HR manager oversees its own HR processes as opposed to having a centralized human resources department managing all activities for the organization. Each approach offers pros and cons.

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Hiring and Firing

In a decentralized system, hiring and firing decisions are made at the local business unit level. This cuts down the number of interviews and time involved in hiring new employees. It also allows the local manager to hire based on the needs and expectations in his local market. A drawback is less consistent oversight on legal processes in hiring and monitoring bad behavior, which could lead to discrimination or wrongful termination claims. Coordination among business-level HR personnel in how they implement these processes helps avoid such issues.

Payroll

In a decentralized system , payroll checks are issued by each business unit rather than from central headquarters. This typically means employees receive payments sooner because their paychecks or direct deposits occur closer to where they are issued. Local managers may more control over pay decisions with new hires and raises for existing employees. When decisions are made, they are more easily implemented in the payroll system because there are no requirements for communication with a central payroll department.

The obligation of an individual or organization to account for its activities, accept responsibility for them, and to disclose the results in a transparent manner. It also includes the responsibility for money or other entrusted.

Delegation is the assignment of responsibility or authority to another person (normally from a manager to a subordinate) to carry out specific activities, such as starting on proper tires during a wet race. It is one of the core concepts of management leadership.

Departmentalization is an aspect of organizational design that includes the subdivision of a business into units based on their function or other criteria.

Why Is it Important for a Business to Budget?

Running a business often requires owners to carefully plan and review their finances. Most companies use some form of accounting for identifying, measuring, analyzing and reporting their financial information. Accounting tools may include budgeting, financial statements, forecasts and other tools for managing financial information. Business budgets for maybe one of the most important accounting tools of company may use in their business.

DEFINITION The definition of business environmentmeans all of the internal and external factors that affect how the company functions including employees, customers, management, supply and demand andbusiness regulations.

Objectives of time and motion study?

● To determine or fix standard time required for an operation under  normal situation/conditions.  ● To avoid unusual idle time and delay in the execution of the task/job.  ● To use the standard time data so as to fix a fair incentive wage plan.  ● To create time consciousness among the workers.  ● To minimize and control the cost.  ● To set a fair hourly output standards for a worker.  ● To improve working conditions.

Objectives of time  study?

● To determine or fix standard time required for an operation under  normal situation/conditions.  ● To avoid unusual idle time and delay in the execution of the task/job.  ● To use the standard time data so as to fix a fair incentive wage plan.  ● To create time consciousness among the workers.  ● To minimize and control the cost.  ● To set a fair hourly output standards for a worker.  ● To improve working conditions.

Definition and Principles of Unity of Command.Unity of command provides that an employee is responsible to only one supervisor, who in turn is responsible to only one supervisor, and so on up the organizational hierarchy. This is true even if the top of the organization is led by a group of people.

Scientific management, also called Taylorism, is a theory of management that analyzes and synthesizes workflows. Its main objective is improving economic efficiency, especially labor productivity. It was one of the earliest attempts to apply science to the engineering of processes and to management.

The following points bring out the nature of principles of management:

(1) Universal Applicability:

Universality refers to that truth which is equally applicable in all spheres (both business and non-business). The principles of management are also universal in nature.

All business (industrial units, etc.) and non-business organisations (educational institutions, government offices, playgrounds, agricultural farms, army, clubs and other social organisations), in order to achieve their objectives have to apply more or less the same principles.

(2) General Guidelines:

The principles of management are not definite like the principles of physics and chemistry. The principles of physics and chemistry are very clear and definite, and their outcomes can be predicted. The principles of management, on the other hand, are of the nature of general guidelines, and they cannot be applied strictly.

(3) Formed by Practice and Experimentation:

Principles of management are the results of various problems faced by the professional people. First of all problems appeared and then through careful research work solutions were found. Thus, we recognise the solutions, found with the help of practice and experience, as principles of management.

Similarly, researchers undertake experimental study to find out the principles of management.

For example, the principle of ‘Unity of Command’ must have emerged when two groups of people must have been compared wherein the first group of people had one boss while the second group of people had two bosses. Undoubtedly, the first group of people must have performed better.

(4) Flexibility:

The principles of management as they exist today are not in the form of final truths. As and when political, economic and social changes take place, new kinds of problems arise. Old principles are altered and new principles are propounded. Therefore, the principles of management are dynamic in nature and cannot be called stagnant or fixed.

Art implies application of knowledge & skill to trying about desired results. An art may be defined as personalized application of general theoretical principles for achieving best possible results. Art has the following characters -

Practical Knowledge: Every art requires practical knowledge therefore learning of theory is not sufficient. It is very important to know practical application of theoretical principles. E.g. to become a good painter, the person may not only be knowing different colour and brushes but different designs, dimensions, situations etc to use them appropriately. A manager can never be successful just by obtaining degree or diploma in management; he must have also know how to apply various principles in real situations by functioning in capacity of manager.

Personal Skill: Although theoretical base may be same for every artist, but each one has his own style and approach towards his job. That is why the level of success and quality of performance differs from one person to another. E.g. there are several qualified painters but M.F. Hussain is recognized for his style. Similarly management as an art is also personalized. Every manager has his own way of managing things based on his knowledge, experience and personality, that is why some managers are known as good managers (like Aditya Birla, Rahul Bajaj) whereas others as bad.

Creativity: Every artist has an element of creativity in line. That is why he aims at producing something that has never existed before which requires combination of intelligence & imagination. Management is also creative in nature like any other art. It combines human and non-human resources in useful way so as to achieve desired results. It tries to produce sweet music by combining chords in an efficient manner.

Perfection through practice: Practice makes a man perfect. Every artist becomes more and more proficient through constant practice. Similarly managers learn through an art of trial and error initially but application of management principles over the years makes them perfect in the job of managing.

Goal-Oriented: Every art is result oriented as it seeks to achieve concrete results. In the same manner, management is also directed towards accomplishment of pre-determined goals. Managers use various resources like men, money, material, machinery & methods to promote growth of an organization.

Goal-Orientation in Process Management

As ‘goal-orientation’ has become another buzzword for BPM I will summarize here the state-of-the-art. The concept of ‘goal-orientation’ is not a new IT term but used in psychology, economy, organizational theory and recently in agent-based artificial intelligence research. Even J. Schumpeter wrote already in 1934 about it in ‘The theory of economic development.’ So it is not a new and fancy term, but relates to human behavior.

(1) Organisational Objectives:

It refers to the objectives for the whole organisation. While fixing these objectives, management keeps into consideration the benefit of all the related parties (like owner, employee, customer, government, etc.). This also fulfils organisational economic objectives which are survival, profit and growth.

Image Courtesy : nmetau.edu.ua/cice/images/dnk_02.jpg

(i) Survival:

Every business wants to survive for long. So, management by taking positive decisions with regard to different business activities should ensure that business survives for long,

(ii) Profit:

Profit plays an important role in facing business hazards and successful running of business activities. So, it must be ensured by the management that adequate profit is earned by the business,

(iii) Growth:

Every business wants to grow. Management must ensure growth of business. Growth can be measured by sales, number of employees, products, capital investment, etc. If all these show an increasing trend then it can be concluded that business is heading towards growth.

YOU CAN , PROFICIENCY IN MATH WILL GIVE CUTTING EDGE.

FTP IS FLIE TRANSFER PROTOCOL.TELNET IS APPLICATION PROTOCOL.THEY ARE USED IN THE FIELD OF TELE COMMUNICATION.

Stress management refers to the wide spectrum of techniques and psychotherapies aimed at controlling a person's levels of stress, especially chronic stress, usually for the purpose of improving everyday functioning.

In biology, population growth is the increase in the number of individuals in a population. Global humanpopulation growth amounts to around 75 million annually, or 1.1% per year. The global population has grown from 1 billion in 1800 to 7 billion in 2012

A computer network or data network is a telecommunications network which allows computers to exchange data. In computer networks, networked computing devices exchange data with each other using a data link. The connections between nodes are established using either cable media or wireless media. The best-known computer network is theInternet.

Network computer devices that originate, route and terminate the data are called network nodes.[1] Nodes can includehosts such as personal computers, phones, servers as well as networking hardware. Two such devices can be said to be networked together when one device is able to exchange information with the other device, whether or not they have a direct connection to each other

there is no such exam held on the subject as such

“Reengineering is the fundamental rethinking and radical redesign of business processes to achieve dramatic improvements in critical, contemporary measures of performance such as cost, quality, service and speed”. • BPR advocates that enterprises go back to the basics and reexamine their very roots

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SURE HOTEL MGT PROFESSIONAL WILL BE ALWAYS IN DEAMAND

You can do CFA(Chartered Financial Analyist).You can do various certification course provided by NSC(NATIONAL STOCK EXCHANGE) i.e NCFM.You can do various certification course provided by NISM.

There are several specializations available depending upon your interest. Opion A: Popular Masters programs are: 1. Housing 2. Urban planning  3. Town planning (MTP) 4. Environmental Planning 5. Regional planning 6. Transport planning 7. Urban Design 8. Landscape Design 9. Interior design 10. Furniture design 11. Architectural Conservation 12. Masters in Real estate

four times

you can go for CFA,CA ,CS,CMA.

CIMA LONDON, CFA USA,CPA USA ETC

• In-between animator – This is a beginner’s position in the animation industry where you can learn almost all the basics of animation.

• Modeller – A person having strong knowledge of form, volume and anatomy. They make models for animation.

• Background artist – The job is to paint the background of the characters in the project.
• Layout artist – Person who decides the lighting and camera angles and sketches the background design for the animation.
• Story Broad Artist – People with strong drawing skills are hired as storyboard artists and their job is to visualise a series of events from one animation frame to another.
• Clean- up Artist – Assistant to the animator, whose work is to trace the animator’s rough drawing and to check the accuracy and consistency of a design.
• Scanner operator – Job is to scan the clean up artist’s drawings.
• Compositor – Job is to bring all the different characters and backgrounds in to a single animation frame.
• Character animator – They bring characters to life and generally have knowledge of traditional animation and stop-motion animation.
• Special effect artist – Combine live-action footage with computer generated imagery.
• Digital ink and paint artist – Their duty is to add colours to each frame.
• Key frame animator – Primary job is to draws the pictures of a movement’s beginning and end.
• Lighting artist – Create variations of shade, colour intensity and shadows.
• Image Editor – Bring together the various audio-visual components of an animation film.
• Rendering artist – Combine models, textures, animation, lighting and to produce the correct blend in the form of individual frames of animation.
• 2-D Animator – They create a very high volume of separate drawings that define an animated sequence.
• Texture Artist – They create a surface to the 3-D modelled character, object or environment.
• Rigging artist – Take the modelled, textured 3-D character or object and set it up with a skeletal system or joints, this helps the 3-D character to talk or move fluidly and correctly.
• 3-D animator –  Take the sculpted, textured and rigged 3-D model and put life into it. This is done by putting in order the key frames in such a way that they appear to be lifelike and in motion.

TABLEAU OR SAS,ADVANCED EXCEL,R,PYTHON

To find the FV of a perpetuity would require setting a number of periods which would mean that the perpetuity up to that point can be treated as an ordinary annuity. There is, however, a PV formula for perpetuities . The PV is simply the payment size (A) divided by the interest rate (r).

No matter what build of Linux or Unix you are running, there are methods for checking your internal IP address from using a simple graphical interface to delving deeper into network information

.

Method1

Use the Ubuntu Interface

Method2

Enter a Terminal Command in Most Linux Builds

Method3

Enter a Terminal Command in Unix, "Unixish", and some Linux 

WREN AND MARTIN,PK.DE.SARKAR.

VICTORIAN ERA

wordsworth

the presence in or introduction into the air of a substance which has harmful or poisonous effects.

INCREASE IN INCOME WHOULD INCREASE PURCHASING POWER.PURCHASING POWER INCRESE URGE OF CONSUMPTION.THIS WAY DENAND OF COMMODITY INCREASES.

the ratio of an index of a country's export prices to an index of its import prices.

In this sense, it is a developing country. Some regions have developed upto the standards we deem as "developed region" & others are catching up to their standards. As the development process is going on,India is still a "developing country", & this fact shouldn't be taken negatively.

LACK OF EDUCATION, POPULATION,PROPER AWARENESS AMONG OUR FELLOW COUNTRYMAN.

GENERAL INSURANCE IS ON PROPERTY WHILE LIFE INSURANCE RELATED TO LIFE OF PEOPLE.

India is country where population in a major problem.To counter that promlem its imperative to control borth.

The rate of natural increase is defined as the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate. It is expressed here as a rate per 1000 population. The birth rates and the death rates are the CIA World Factbook estimates for the year 2010.

General insurance or non-life insurance policies, including automobile and homeowners policies, provide payments depending on the loss from a particular financial event. General insurance is typically defined as any insurance that is not determined to be life insurance. It is called property and casualty insurance in the U.S. and Canada and Non-Life Insurance in Continental Europe.

A patent  is a set of exclusive rights granted by a sovereign state to an inventor or assignee for a limited period of time in exchange for detailed public disclosure of an invention. An invention is a solution to a specific technological problem and is a product or a process.

Economic development, on the other hand, is a broader term. It indicates an increase in citizens' quality of life and is often measured using the HumanDevelopment Index. This index considers intrinsic personal factors not considered ineconomic growth, such as literacy rates, life expectancy and poverty rates.

The Great Depression was a long and extensive economic crisis, affecting most developed nations in the early and mid 1930s. It was triggered by a stockmarket crash in New York City in 1929, then soon spread beyond the United States, crippling the economies of dozens of nations. The impact of the Great Depression was particularly severe in Germany, which had enjoyed five years of artificial prosperity, propped up by American loans and goodwill. Unemployment hit millions of Germans, as companies shut down or downsized. Others lost their savings as banks folded. The dire conditions of the early 1930s led many German voters to abandon mainstream political parties and look to more radical alternatives, such as Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party.

Since a mixed economy includes a mix of both private and government control, it reflects characteristics of both capitalism and socialism. The balance between the two ideals can vary greatly between countries, sometimes leading to a lack of consensus on whether the economy is capitalist, socialist or mixed

Fixed Deposit,current account,savings account,recurring deposits.

educational facility and friendly employment oppourtunity along with security of food through rationing system.

  A consumer good is one purchased and used by consumers:home appliances,fmcg product etc. A producer good is one used by producers: factory machinery, an office desk,raw materials etc.

Inflation is defined as a sustained increase in the general level of prices for goods and services. It is measured as an annual percentage increase. As inflation rises, every currency you own buys a smaller percentage of a good or service. The value of a currency does not stay constant when there isinflation.

Central Government.as authority to impose tax on goods and service contains in Union List.

Availability natural resources,stability in politial and social environment,effective government policy to support economic activity in a country.

For growth of any economy economic activity that creates employment needs to be supported.The support can only be given if there is adequate capital.Capital formation comes into play here.

Globalisation is a process of deeper economic integration between countries and regions of the world. 

Technological unemployment is the loss of jobs caused by technological change. Such change typically includes the introduction of labour-saving machines or more efficient processes. Historical examples include artisan weavers reduced to poverty after the introduction of mechanised looms.

Globalisation is a process of deeper economic integration between countries and regions of the world

IMMENCE WATER IS LOST BY NOT HOLDING RAIN WATER.IF IT CAN BE HELD ,WATER PROBLEM TO GREAT EXTENT CAN BE SOLVED.FOR THIS GOVT SUPPORT AND PUBLIC AWARENESS ARE REQUIRED.

Quality of raw material,level of technology,climate etc

Main role of fair price shop is that it is designed to curb black market and hoarding of goods.Creates a healthy distribution process.

They attract buyers through discount,advertisement,after sale service etc.

a product or service which can command a price when sold.

Capital intensive is a business process or an industry that requires large amounts of money and other financial resources to produce a good or service. A business is considered capital intensive based on the ratio of the capital required to the amount of labor that is required.

A: A monopolistic market and a perfectly competitive market are two marketstructures that have several key distinctions, such as market share, price control and barriers to entry. In a monopoly, there is only one firm that dictates the price and supply levels of goods and services and has total market control.

THESE ARE SMALL SCALE INDUSTRIES.

Bank The primary purpose of a bank is to provide financial services to its customers. If you are running a small business, you know how important the current account you are maintaining with the bank is for your business. You can not only make and receive payments in your bank account, you can also avail facilities of over draft, for which bank requires payment of interest on your part. Post Offices On the other hand, post offices have traditionally been used to make available mailing services to common people. Though, with modern communication gadgets like smartphones one can talk with someone sitting at a distance, as if he was sitting next to you, there is always official communication such as letters, documents etc that need to be sent to far off destinations using mailing services of a post office.

FOR HEAVY INDUSTRIES.

at the age of fifteen

FARMING,SMALL MANUFACTURING,SHOP KEEPING,DAIRY ETC.

The developing countries are characterized by low HD score. Part of the reason is their low per-capita income. However, low HD score is also due to low human capital levels in terms of health and education.

Manufacturing means conversion of raw material into a new product that has its own characteristics and use and its different from raw materials.

Unemployment brings down purchasing power of citizen resulting decrease in demand level in economy.This way it affect the overall growth of an economy.

Post graduation after the graduation is a lucrative career option along with M Phil or PhD in development studies which emphasizes on economics. There are also a number of specialized fields like agricultural economics, business economics, labor economics, financial economics, international economics and industrial economics. One of the more recent choices among the economics graduates is an MBE (Master of Business Economics) degree.

India is large country but its developing country.She is challenged major threat like unemloyment,difference between poor and rich ,astounding population.So below poverty level citizen should be provided basic food at deep subcidised rate or free of cost.

Buffer stock is a reserve of a commodity that can be used to offset price fluctuations and in case of natural disaster. 

Price,type of market and purchasing power of consumer.

RBI is central bank of india.It regulate Banking Sector of India. It GiudesCENTRAL GOVT over the monetary policy making.

MIXING HARMFUL ELEMENT INTO THE PRODUCT TO EARN SOME EXTRA BUCKS

It decreases purchasing power of consumer resulting in lower demand.Its put negative impact on overall economy.

Value decrease of currency or can be said another way rise in price level all goods and services.

Reserve Bank of India

The availability of goods at certain price level.

personal loan ,housing loan ,car loan,cash credit,bank OD facility etc.

To any activity capital most needed component.Hence capital formation is so much needed.

ITS SUPPLY IS LIMITED,IT HAS NO DEPRECIATION,ITS IMMOVABLE ASSETS.

BANK RATE is the interest rate at which central bank of the country lends money to domestic banks.

First of all ,what is bank rate?  Bank rate is the rate at which the central bank of the country lends the money to other banks of the country. Suppose if RBI wants to reduce money supply in country then it will increase the bank rate so that commercial banks borrow less and money that goes in circulation in form loans to the public an industries in the country would go less.In other way if RBI wants to increase the money supply. So  this way bank rate influences total money supply in the counry.

There is slender demarcation beteen two.

Entrepreneur genreally is seen as a bussiness leader and innovator of new ideas and bussiness processes. 

Organiser on the other way, is a person who puts or arranges everything in an orderly way.

[ - ]

A free good is a good that is not scarce, and therefore is available without limits. A free good is available in as great a quantity as desired with zero opportunity cost to society.

A good that is made available at zero price is not necessarily a free good. For example, a shop might give away its stock in its promotion, but producing these goods would still have required the use of scarce resources.

REAL CAPITAL IS PROPIETORS CAPITAL. DEBT CAPITAL IS LOAN CAPITAL.

Increase in the quantum of  saving 2. Mobilization of savings 3. Investments of savings into economics activity that creates sets and genarates income.

public sector puts nations interest first, create maximum employment, generate revenue for government.

Enough  importance is hardly provided  to cost efficency,effective operation.lacs innovation.

Use latest technology,use good quality raw materials,employ efficient workforce.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SUPPLY AND STOCK:

    Stock is the quantity of output which a seller/business has with him and has not yet been brought for sale: where supply is the quantity of output brought from the existing stock of sale at a certain price in the market.

e.g.   (i) stock = 1000 kg of rice

        (ii) supply = 200 kg for sale at Rs. 40 per kg.

capital is life line of any production structure, degree of requirement of capital differs in types of production. from capital man ,machineand raw materials is aquired.

issues currency,provides loan to commercial bank, supplies fund to central government.

money is medium exchanges services,property and goods.

tax major source of revenue for the government.

when price increases demand decreases and when price decreases demand increases.

The third five year plan.

verghese kurien, the amul man

agriculture.

prime minster.

Lionel Robbins has given defination of scarcity.

Adam Smith

during 1971-1972 with coking coal mines and in 1973 with non coking coal mines

price discrimination in strategy of pricing where identical goods are sold at differen prices to different consumers.

MPC MEANS CHANGE OF CONSUMPTION DUE TO CHANGE IN INCOME.

REVENUE IS SOURCE OF INCOME TO THE ORGANISATION.

It refers to extra amount expended to produce extra unit

blue print of proposed revenues and proposed disbursement of fund in a financial year.

The main difference between nominal and real values is that real values are adjusted for inflation, while nominal values are not. As a result, nominal GDP will often appear higher than real GDP.

Definition: Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR) is a specified minimum fraction of the total deposits of customers, which commercial banks have to hold as reserves either incash or as deposits with the central bank. CRR is set according to the guidelines of the central bank of a country.

in brief money supply is the stock of money in a particular  period.Thus two component of money supply are ( A )currency (Paper notes and coins).( B )Demand deposits of commercial banks

Total cost signifies fixed cost and variable cost incurred to any economical operation. Whereas marginal cost signifies additional cost incurred to produce additional unit.

1.freign investment in country outside india.

2.export to foreign country

3.foeign remmitance.

Macroeconomics is a branch of the economics field that studies how the aggregate economy behaves. In macroeconomics, a variety of economy-wide phenomena is thoroughly examined such as, inflation, price levels, rate of growth, national income, gross domestic product and changes in unemployment.

A person, an organisation etc that has an effect on the economy of a particular country.

Any price that is market driven is called market price.In another way price derived from deman and supply force in the market.

Intermidiate goods are those goods which are used for further production.

Tax is amount charge by government on particular economic activity where as fee is charge on particular service provided.

In economics, broad money is a measure of the money supply that includes more than just physical money such as currency and coins (also known as narrow money). It generally includes demand deposits at commercial banks, and any monies held in easily accessible accounts.

money in forms that can be used as a medium of exchange, generally notes, coins, and certain balances held by banks.

Inflation is devaluation of money .It decreases purchasing power of money.Inflation couses problem of estimating cost of project ,requirement of fund allocation,thus provides unfavourale impact on planning process.

15 March

Reserve Bank of      india

Public debt refers to the loans raised by government from within or outside the country. Every govt. has to borrow when its expenditure exceeds its revenue. The borrowing or taking loans by the govt Is known as public debt.

THEY SUPPORTED MAHATMA AND THEY STARTED KHILAFAT MOVEMENT.

In the year 1929, which came into force on 30January 1930

PROTECTING INTEREST OF MOSELEM IN INDIA

GAP BETWEEN RICH AND POOR

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BSC

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SSEI IN DELHI

SSEI IN KOLKATA

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keep updated in current affiars

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MCQ TYPE

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TIMES ,PATHFINDER

TIMES,PATHFINDER

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COMMON ADMISSION TEST, ITS AN ENTRANCE EXAM FOR ADMISSION IN PREMIER MANAGEMENT SCHOOL IN INDIA.

certainly

times,pathfinder.

Current and non current

Depreciation account-------dr (nominal account) Fixed assets account-------cr (real account)

for fast communication

CFA,FRM,NCFM 

SATPAUL COACHING CENTER,ANDHARI

GUPTA TUTORIAL,JANAKPURI

ARUNAVO LASKAR COACHING CENTER.

Through by grammer book as well as reading news paper, Magagine or watching movie etc.

PLENTY OF, GO GOOGLE

IT WILL GUIDE TO SOME EXTENT.

ABOVE EIGHTY PERCENT

Magoosh flash cards WILL BE MOST HELPFUL

https://www.google.co.in/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjpgu7lyNLQAhWLMY8KHXpaCvkQFggkMAE&url=https%3A%2F%2Fplay.google.com%2Fstore%2Fapps%2Fdetails%3Fid%3Dtttrung43.wordpress.com.englishstudy%26hl%3Den&usg=AFQjCNFgQQOWyW1W_24axzS-MdfZa_qH-w&bvm=bv.139782543,d.c2I

50%

TO CHECK YOUR ENGLISH PROFICIENCIES.

ITS HALF THE BATTLE WON.`

TOEFL IS TOUGHER

 manhattan, magoosh, Princeton review 

DOYAL COACHING POINT.

SHRI GURU KRIPA COACHING POINT

official correspondent job but along with spreadsheet ,ms word knowledge is must

FIRST OF DO NOT GIVE TOO MUCH IMPORTANCE ON GRAMMER,HEAR A PERSON WHO IS SPEAKING  CORRECT ENGLISH,RECORD YOUR SPEECH AND CHECK IT.

OXFORD DICTIONARY

Make a habit to read daily newspaper & magazine

IN CASE OF SCARE DEGREE OF FEAR IS GREATER

Merriam-Webster Dictionary

https://www.britishcouncil.in/english/exam-preparation-courses/ielts-preparation-regular

YES

1. Visual Communication 2. Written Communication 3. Verbal Communication 4. Non-Verbal Communication

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Due to efficiency of digestive system is being reduced

Because it is very important for there growth spurt

• To bring about structural changes in food.  Meat fibers are tenderized and the cellulose in vegetables and fruits is softened so that they are easier to chew and digest.

A democratically elected government is more accountable to the public because it comes to power due the majority of the public voted for it. The government is apprehensive that the same public may not vote it to power next time if it does not fulfil their expectations. 

6 years

Motilal Nehru father of jawahar lal nehru

it varies with the bank ,its between 25000 to 500000

Theory about nature of mental states

PGI, Rohtak without any doubt.

From the beginning of class 11

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Prokaryotic cell was the first organic cell.

Aaparagine

Pyruvate

Tryptophan and tyrosine

Tryptophan

Karl Landsteiner

Naach

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