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Sunlight is the major source of ultraviolet radiation. Beside this there are other sources like:

1. Black light: A black light lamp emits long-wave UVA radiation and little visible light.

2. Gas-discharge lamps: Specialized UV gas-discharge lamps containing different gases produce UV light at particular spectral lines for scientific purposes.

3. Ultraviolet LEDs: Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) can be manufactured to emit light in the ultraviolet range.

4. Ultraviolet lasers:  Gas lasers, laser diodes and solid-state lasers can be manufactured to emit ultraviolet light, and lasers are available which cover the entire UV range.

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The solar water heating system works on the principle of thermosyphone process and forced circulation. Evacuated tube acts as an absorber in the solar water heater. Each evacuated tube consists of two glass tubes having vacuum in between which is an excellent insulator.

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I think the following links can solve your query because i here cannot present mathematical things.

http://math.stackexchange.com/questions/948352/the-existence-of-the-laplace-transform

https://ccrma.stanford.edu/~jos/fp/Existence_Laplace_Transform.html

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Top-Down Parser : A top-down parser begins instead with the start symbol, and then tries to repeatedly expand various symbols into their productions in order to accommodate what it sees in the input.

Bottom-Up Parser : As a bottom-up parser reads in tokens, it checks to see if it can reduce (combine) any part of what it's currently working with into another symbol by satisfying its production rules. That is, it tries to assemble the symbols on the left sides of the production rules by grouping together tokens it finds so that they look like the right sides of the production rules.  

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We give complete program as input to the compiler. Our program is in the human readable format. Human readable format undergoes many passes and phases of compiler and finally it is converted into the machine readable format.

However interpreter takes single line of code as input at a time and execute that line. It will terminate the execution of the code as soon as it finds the error.

Memory requirement is less in Case of interpreter because no object code is created in case of interpreter.

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Software maintenance in software engineering is the modification of a software product after delivery to correct faults and bugs to improve performance or other attributes. A common perception of maintenance is that it merely involves fixing defects.

An integral part of software is the maintenance one, which requires an accurate maintenance plan to be prepared during the software development. It should specify how users will request modifications or report problems. The budget should include resource and cost estimates. A new decision should be addressed for the developing of every new system feature and its quality objectives. The software maintenance, which can last for 5–6 years (or even decades) after the development process, calls for an effective plan which can address the scope of software maintenance, the tailoring of the post delivery/deployment process, the designation of who will provide maintenance, and an estimate of the life-cycle costs. The selection of proper enforcement of standards is the challenging task right from early stage of software engineering which has not got definite importance by the concerned stakeholders.

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The exact size of array is unknown untill the compile time,i.e., time when a compier compiles code written in a programming language into a executable form. The size of array you have declared initially can be sometimes insufficient and sometimes more than required. Dynamic memory allocation allows a program to obtain more memory space, while running or to release space when no space is required.

Although, C language inherently does not has any technique to allocated memory dynamically, there are 4 library functions under "stdlib.h" for dynamic memory allocation.

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In computer science, a pointer is a programming language object, whose value refers to (or "points to") another value stored elsewhere in the computer memory using its memory address. A pointer references a location in memory, and obtaining the value stored at that location is known as dereferencing the pointer. As an analogy, a page number in a book's index could be considered a pointer to the corresponding page; dereferencing such a pointer would be done by flipping to the page with the given page numbe

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When creating a class, instead of writing completely new data members and member functions, the programmer can designate that the new class should inherit the members of an existing class. This existing class is called the base class, and the new class is referred to as the derived class.

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1's complement

The 1's complement of a number is found by changing all 1's to 0's and all 0's to 1's. This is called as taking complement or 1's complement

2's complement

The 2's complement of binary number is obtained by adding 1 to the Least Significant Bit (LSB) of 1's complement of the number.

2's complement = 1's complement + 1