The hoffman's mustard oil reaction :

 It is a peparation of alkylisothiocyanates by heating together a primary amine, mercuric chloride, and carbon disulfide.

Where,

Primary amine: is an organic base formed by replacing one or more of the hydrogen atoms of ammonia by organic groups.

mercuric chloride : is of or containing mercury in the divalent state; denoting a mercury(II) compound, chemical compound containing chlorine.

and

carbon disulfide: nonmetallic chemical element, 

A compound that has two sulfur atoms bonded to a radical or element. One of a group of organosulfur compounds RSSR′ that may be symmetrical (R=R′) or unsymmetrical (R and R′, different).

The defenition of diazotisation is Reaction between a primary aromatic amine and nitrous acid to give a diazo compound. Also known as diazo process.

the reaction of preparing diazo compounds by the action of nitrous acid (or its derivatives) on primary amines in the presence of inorganicacids (HCl, H2SO4, or HNO3) at 0°-5°C. The diazotization of aromatic amines to yield diazonium salts is the most common—for example,aniline is diazotized to phenyldiazonium chloride:

In organic synthesis, diazotization is used extensively to make various aromatic compounds through the diazonium salt, as well as tosynthesize dyes, particularly azo dyes.

• Cumene is the common name for isopropylbenzene, an organic compound that is based on an aromatic hydrocarbon with an aliphatic substitution.
• It is a constituent of crude oil and refined fuels.
• It is a flammable colorless liquid that has a boiling point of 152 °C. Nearly all the cumene that is produced as a pure compound on an industrial scale is converted to cumene hydroperoxide, which is an intermediate in the synthesis of other industrially important chemicals, primarily phenol and acetone.
• Commercial production of cumene is by Friedel–Crafts alkylation of benzene with propylene.
• Cumene producers account for approximately 20% of the global demand for benzene.
• Previously, solid phosphoric acid (SPA) supported on alumina was used as the catalyst. Since the mid-1990s, commercial production has switched to zeolite-based catalysts.
• Isopropylbenzene is stable, but may form peroxides in storage if in contact with the air. It is important to test for the presence of peroxides before heating or distilling.
• The chemical is also flammable and incompatible with strong oxidizing agents. Environmental laboratories commonly test isopropylbenzene using a Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GCMS) instrument.

IF-else structure.

i am here explaining you the structure with example.

The following test decides whether a student has passed an exam with a pass mark of 45

if (result >= 45) printf("Pass\n"); else printf("Fail\n");

It is possible to use the if part without the else.

if (temperature < 0) print("Frozen\n");

Each version consists of a test, (this is the bracketed statement following the if). If the test is true then the next statement is obeyed. If is is false then the statement following the else is obeyed if present. After this, the rest of the program continues as normal.

If we wish to have more than one statement following the if or the else, they should be grouped together between curly brackets. Such a grouping is called a compound statement or a block.

if (result >= 45) { printf("Passed\n"); printf("Congratulations\n") } else { printf("Failed\n"); printf("Good luck in the resits\n"); }

Sometimes we wish to make a multi-way decision based on several conditions. The most general way of doing this is by using the else if variant on the if statement. This works by cascading several comparisons. As soon as one of these gives a true result, the following statement or block is executed, and no further comparisons are performed. In the following example we are awarding grades depending on the exam result.

if (result >= 75) printf("Passed: Grade A\n"); else if (result >= 60) printf("Passed: Grade B\n"); else if (result >= 45) printf("Passed: Grade C\n"); else printf("Failed\n");

In this example, all comparisons test a single variable called result. In other cases, each test may involve a different variable or some combination of tests. The same pattern can be used with more or fewer else if's, and the final lone else may be left out. It is up to the programmer to devise the correct structure for each programming problem.

Switch Case

This is another form of the multi way decision. It is well structured, but can only be used in certain cases where;

• Only one variable is tested, all branches must depend on the value of that variable. The variable must be an integral type. (int, long, short or char).
• Each possible value of the variable can control a single branch. A final, catch all, default branch may optionally be used to trap all unspecified cases.

Hopefully an example will clarify things. This is a function which converts an integer into a vague description. It is useful where we are only concerned in measuring a quantity when it is quite small.

estimate(number) int number; /* Estimate a number as none, one, two, several, many */ { switch(number) { case 0 : printf("None\n"); break; case 1 : printf("One\n"); break; case 2 : printf("Two\n"); break; case 3 : case 4 : case 5 : printf("Several\n"); break; default : printf("Many\n"); break; } }

Each interesting case is listed with a corresponding action. The break statement prevents any further statements from being executed by leaving the switch. Since case 3 and case 4 have no following break, they continue on allowing the same action for several values of number.

Both if and switch constructs allow the programmer to make a selection from a number of possible actions.

The other main type of control statement is the loop. Loops allow a statement, or block of statements, to be repeated. Computers are very good at repeating simple tasks many times, the loop is C's way of achieving this.

The logical OR operator ( ) returns the boolean value true if either or both operands is true and returns false otherwise. The operands are implicitly converted to type bool prior to evaluation, and the result is of type bool. Logical OR has left-to-right associativity.

Division. % (Modulo) Returns the integer remainder of a division. For example, 12 % 5 = 2 because the remainder of 12 divided by 5 is 2. The plus (+) and minus (-) operators can also be used to perform arithmetic operations on datetime and smalldatetime values.

In computer science, a ternary operator is an operator that takes three arguments. The arguments and result can be of different types. Many programming languages that use C-like syntax feature a ternary operator, ?: , which defines a conditional expression.

Synatx: <condition> ? <true-case-code> : <false-case-code>;

int five_divided_by_x = ( x != 0 ? 5 / x : 0 );

Example

class IntPtr

{

public: IntPtr (const int *p_other) : _p_other( p_other != 0 : new int( * p_other ) : 0 ) private: const int * const _p_other; };

In computer science, an interpreter is a computer program that directly executes, i.e. performs, instructions written in a programming or scripting language, without previously compiling them into a machine language program.

The time complexity of an algorithm is commonly expressed using big O notation, which excludes coefficients and lower order terms. When expressed this way, the time complexity is said to be described asymptotically, i.e., as the input size goes to infinity.

The IL Assembler generates a portable executable (PE) file from intermediate language (IL). (For more information on IL, see Managed Execution Process.) You can run the resulting executable, which contains IL and the required metadata, to determine whether the IL performs as expected.

This tool is automatically installed with Visual Studio. To run the tool, use the Developer Command Prompt (or the Visual Studio Command Prompt in Windows 7). For more information, see Developer Command Prompt for Visual Studio.

ilasm [options] filename [[options]filename...]

There are two types of assemblies are there in .net. They are, 1. Private Assemblies and  2. Public/Shared Assemblies.  Private Assembly:- can be accessed only by single application in a system. It is stored in the application's directory .  Public Assembly-can be accessed by multiple applications in a system. This is about installing the assembly in GAC (global assembly cache).GAC contains a collection of shared assemblies.Assembly file format(.exe or .dll)

Charles Babbage.

Copy protection, also known as content protection, copy prevention and copy restriction, is any effort designed to prevent the reproduction of software, films, music, and other media, usually for copyright reasons.[1] Various methods have been devised to prevent reproduction so that companies will gain benefit from each person who obtains an authorized copy of their product. Unauthorized copying and distribution accounted for $2.4 billion in lost revenue in the United States alone in the 1990s,[2] and is assumed to be causing impact on revenues in the music and the game industry, leading to proposal of anti-piracy laws such as PIPA. Some methods of copy protection have also led to criticisms because it caused inconvenience for honest consumers, or it secretly installed additional or unwanted software to detect copying activities on the consumer's computer. Making copy protection effective while protecting consumer rights is still an ongoing problem with media publication.

Solid-state storage (SSS) is a type of computer storage media made from siliconmicrochips. SSS stores data electronically instead of magnetically, as spinning hard disk drives (HDDs) or magnetic oxide tape do.

Netbook is a generic name given to a category of small, lightweight, legacy-free, and inexpensive computers that were introduced in 2007. Netbooks compete in the same market segment as tablet computers and Chromebooks (a variation on the portable network computer).

In mathematics and digital electronics, abinary number is a number expressed in thebinary numeral system or base-2 numeral system which represents numeric values using two different symbols: typically 0 (zero) and 1 (one). The base-2 system is a positional notation with a radix of 2.

A motherboard (sometimes alternatively known as the mainboard, system board, planar board or logic board,[1] or colloquially, amobo) is the main printed circuit board (PCB) found in computers and other expandable systems. It holds and allows communication between many of the crucial electronic components of a system, such as the central processing unit (CPU) and memory, and provides connectors for other peripherals. Unlike a backplane, a motherboard contains significant sub-systems such as the chipset, processor and other components.

Motherboard specifically refers to a PCB with expansion capability and as the name suggests, this board is often referred to as the "mother" of all components attached to it, which often include sound cards, video cards, network cards, hard drives, or other forms of persistent storage; TV tuner cards, cards providing extra USB or FireWire slots and a variety of other custom components (the termmainboard is applied to devices with a single board and no additional expansions or capability, such as controlling boards in televisions, washing machines and other embedded systems).

When compiling to managed code, the compiler translates your source code into Microsoft intermediate language (MSIL), which is a CPU-independent set of instructions that can be efficiently converted to native code.

Managed code usually refers to programs written in .NET languages such as C# or Visual Basic .NET, while unmanaged code refers to programs written in C, C++, Visual Basic 6 and other languages that do not need a runtime to execute.

Definition of static members and this is a subset of the CTS which all .NET languages are expected to support. 4. Microsoft has defined CLS which are nothing but guidelines that language to follow so that it can communicate with other .NET languages in a seamless manner.

The Common Language Runtime (CLR), the virtual machine component of Microsoft's .NETframework, manages the execution of .NETprograms. A process known as just-in-time compilation converts compiled code into machine instructions which the computer's CPU then executes.

Often you need to pass variable content between your html pages or aspx webforms in context of Asp.Net. For example in first page you collect information about your client, her name and last name and use this information in your second page.

For passing variables content between pages ASP.NET gives us several choices. One choice is usingQueryString property of Request Object. When surfing internet you should have seen weird internet address such as one below.

http://www.localhost.com/Webform2.aspx?name=Atilla&lastName=Ozgur

Difference between DataList and Repeater

DataList

Repeater

Rendered as Table.

Template driven.

Automatically generates columns from the data source.

This features is not supported.

Selection of row is supported.

Selection of row is not supported.

Editing of contents is supported.

Editing of contents is not supported.

You can arrange data items horizontally or vertically in DataList by using property RepeatDirection.

This features is not supported.

Performance is slow as compared to Repeater

This is very light weight and fast data control among all the data control.

Difference between GridView and Repeater

GridView

Repeater

It was introduced with Asp.Net 2.0.

It was introduced with Asp.Net 1.0.

Rendered as Table.

Template driven.

Automatically generates columns from the data source.

This features is not supported.

Selection of row is supported.

Selection of row is not supported.

Editing of contents is supported.

Editing of contents is not supported.

Built-in Paging and Sorting is provided.

You need to write custom code.

Supports auto format or style features.

This has no this features.

Performance is very slow as compared to Repeater.

This is very light weight and fast data control among all the data control.

Difference between GridView and DataList

GridView

DataList

It was introduced with Asp.Net 2.0.

It was introduced with Asp.Net 1.0.

Built-in Paging and Sorting is provided.

You need to write custom code.

Built-in supports for Update and Delete operations.

Need to write code for implementing Update and Delete operations.

Supports auto format or style features.

This features is not supported.

RepeatDirection property is not supported.

You can arrange data items horizontally or vertically in DataList by using property RepeatDirection.

Doesn’t support customizable row separator.

Supports customizable row separator by using SeparatorTemplate.

Performance is slow as compared to DataList.

Performance is fast is compared to GridView.

https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms178472.aspx#general_page_lifecycle_stages

 go through this link. 

Canvas, Grid and StackPanel

There are three ways provided by Silverlight for layout management - Canvas, Grid and Stack panel. Each of these methodologies fit into different situations as per layout needs. All these layout controls inherit from Panel class. In the next sections, we will go through each of them to understand how they work.

Canvas – Absolute Positioning

Canvas is the simplest methodology for layout management. It supports absolute positioning using ‘X’ and ‘Y’ coordinates. ‘Canvas.Left’ helps to specify the X co-ordinate while ‘Canvas.Top’ helps to provide the ‘Y’ coordinates.

Below is a simple code snippet which shows how a rectangle object is positioned using ‘Canvas’ on co-ordinates (50,150).

Hide   Copy Code

<Canvas x:Name="MyCanvas"> <Rectangle Fill="Blue" Width="100" Height="100" Canvas.Left="50" Canvas.Top="150"/> </Canvas>

If no text editor appears in the drop-down list (such as Notepad), click Choose Default Program, and then browse for a text editor. Changethe existing file name (for example, Page.xaml) to the name of the new starting XAML file. Test your Silverlight 1.0 application (F5) to make sure that the modification works.

What are the main features and benefits of Silverlight?

The following are the features of SilverLight: 1. Built in CLR engine is available for delivering a super high performance execution environment for the browser. 2. Includes rich framework of built-in class library for using with browser-based applications. 3. Supports WPF UI programming model. 4. Provides a managed HTML DOM API which is used for HTML enabled programs of a browser using .NET technology. 5. Silverlight supports PHP or Linux environment. Hence does not require ASP.NET. 6. Permits limited access to file system for applications. An OS native file dialog box can be used for using any file.

The following are the benefits of Silverlight: 1. Supports highest quality videos 2. Supports cross-platform and cross-browser applications 3. Features are available for developers with Visual Studio for developing applications very quickly. 4. Most inexpensive way for video streaming over internet at the best possible quality. 5. Supports third party languages such as Ruby, Python, EcmaScript! 6. Supports remote debugging. 7. Provides copy protection.

The following WebMethod returns a greeting message to the user along with the current server time. An important thing to note is that the method is declared as static (C#) and Shared (VB.Net) and is decorated with WebMethod attribute, this is necessary otherwise the method will not be called from client side jQuery AJAX call.

C#

[System.Web.Services.WebMethod]

public static string GetCurrentTime(string name)

{

    return "Hello " + name + Environment.NewLine + "The Current Time is: "

        + DateTime.Now.ToString();

}

protected void btnSend_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)

{

Response.Redirect("Default2.aspx?UserId="+txtUserId.Text);

}

Or

In case if we need to send multiple parameters to another page we need to write code like this

protected void btnSend_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)

{

Response.Redirect("Default2.aspx?UserId="+txtUserId.Text+"&UserName="+txtUserName.Text);

}

Now we need to get these values in another page (here I mentioned Default2.aspx) by usingQueryString Parameter values with variable names or index values that would be like this

protected void Page_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)

{

if(!IsPostBack)

{

lblUserId.Text = Request.QueryString["UserId"];

lblUserName.Text = Request.QueryString["UserName"];

}

}

A delegate in C# is similar to a function pointer in C or C++. Using adelegate allows the programmer to encapsulate a reference to a method inside a delegate object. The delegate object can then be passed to code which can call the referenced method, without having to know at compile time which method will be invoked.