Md Asif Raja: Nurturing Minds through Tutoring

Answer

All disputes arising in connection with the election of the Vice President are petitioned to the Supreme Court of India, which inquires into the matter. The petition is heard by a five-member bench of the Supreme Court, which decides on the matter. The decision of the Supreme Court is final.

Answer

According to Article 123 in The Constitution Of India 1949

Power of President to promulgate Ordinances during recess of Parliament

(1) If at any time, except when both Houses of Parliament are in session, the President is satisfied that circumstances exist which render it necessary for him to take immediate action, he may promulgate such Ordinance as the circumstances appear to him to require

(2) An Ordinance promulgated under this article shall have the same force and effect as an Act of Parliament, but every such Ordinance

(a) shall be laid before both House of Parliament and shall cease to operate at the expiration of six weeks from the reassemble of Parliament, or, if before the expiration of that period resolutions disapproving it are passed by both Houses, upon the passing of the second of those resolutions; and

(b) may be withdrawn at any time by the President Explanation Where the Houses of Parliament are summoned to reassemble on different dates, the period of six weeks shall be reckoned from the later of those dates for the purposes of this clause

(3) If and so far as an Ordinance under this article makes any provision which Parliament would not under this Constitution be competent to enact, it shall be void CHAPTER IV THE UNION JUDICIARY

Answer

A legislature with two houses, or chambers.

e.g.

1. The British parliament is a bicameral legislature, made up of the House of Commons and theHouse of Lords. Likewise, the United States Congress is made up of the House of Representatives and the Senate.

2.The Indian Constitution allows states to have either a unicameral or bicameral legislature. A state is said to be unicameral if it has only one house of parliament, if two houses,state is called bicameral legislature.

State governments' legislatures are bicameral in seven states(two more state are included in this list) and unicameral in the rest. All the members of the lower houses are elected for a five-year term, and one-third of the members of the upper houses, in bicameral states, are elected every two years for a six-year term.

Answer

There are several methods among which six methods are widely used-

1.Displacement borings 2.Wash boring 3.Auger boring 4.Rotary drilling 5.Percussion drilling and 6.Continuous sampling

1. Displacement borings It is combined method of sampling & boring operation. Closed bottom sampler, slit cup, or piston type is forced in to the ground up to the desired depth. Then the sampler is detached from soil below it, by rotating the piston, & finally the piston is released or withdrawn. The sampler is then again forced further down & sample is taken. After withdrawal of sampler & removal of sample from sampler, the sampler is kept in closed condition & again used for another depth. Features : Simple and economic method if excessive caving does not occur. Therefore not suitable for loose sand. Major changes of soil character can be detected by means of penetration resistance. These are 25mm to 75mm holes. It requires fairly continuous sampling in stiff and dense soil, either to protect the sampler from damage or to avoid objectionably heavy construction pit. 2. Wash boring: It is a popular method due to the use of limited equipments. The advantage of this is the use of inexpensive and easily portable handling and drilling equipments. Here first an open hole is formed on the ground so that the soil sampling or rock drilling operation can be done below the hole. The hole is advanced by chopping and twisting action of the light bit. Cutting is done by forced water and water jet under pressure through the rods operated inside the hole. In India the “Dheki” operation is used, i.e., a pipe of 5cm diameter is held vertically and filled with water using horizontal lever arrangement and by the process of suction and application of pressure, soil slurry comes out of the tube and pipe goes down. This can be done upto a depth of 8m –10m (excluding the depth of hole already formed beforehand) Just by noting the change of colour of soil coming out with the change of soil character can be identified by any experienced person. It gives completely disturbed sample and is not suitable for very soft soil, fine to medium grained cohesionless soil and in cemented soil.

3. Auger boring This method is fast and economical, using simple, light, flexible and inexpensive instruments for large to small holes. It is very suitable for soft to stiff cohesive soils and also can be used to determine ground water table. Soil removed by this is disturbed but it is better than wash boring, percussion or rotary drilling. It is not suitable for very hard or cemented soils, very soft soils, as then the flow into the hole can occur and also for fully saturated cohesionless soil.

4. Rotary drilling Rotary drilling method of boring is useful in case of highly resistant strata. It is related to finding out the rock strata and also to access the quality of rocks from cracks, fissures and joints. It can conveniently be used in sands and silts also. Here, the bore holes are advanced in depth by rotary percussion method which is similar to wash boring technique. A heavy string of the drill rod is used for choking action. The broken rock or soil fragments are removed by circulating water or drilling mud pumped through the drill rods and bit up through the bore hole from which it is collected in a settling tank for recirculation. If the depth is small and the soil stable, water alone can be used. However, drilling fluids are useful as they serve to stabilize the bore hole. Drilling mud is slurry of bentonite in water. The drilling fluid causes stabilizing effect to the bore hole partly due to higher specific gravity as compared with water and partly due to formation of mud cake on the sides of the hole. As the stabilizing effect is imparted by these drilling fluids no casing is required if drilling fluid is used. This method is suitable for boring holes of diameter 10cm, or more preferably 15 to20cm in most of the rocks. It is uneconomical for holes less than 10cm diameter. The depth of various strata can be detected by inspection of cuttings.