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Nervous System

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Published in: Psychology
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An introduction to how the nervous system works. This is a small unit covered in first year psychology in BA from the 2nd chapter - The biology of mind.

Naomi B / Mumbai

1 year of teaching experience

Qualification: B.A (Mumbai - 2016)

Teaches: Political Science, Psychology, Sociology, Statistics

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  1. THE BIOLOGY OF MIND Nervous system, Neural communication, endocrine system and brain.
  2. Process of taking in information, making decisions and to send back decisions is done by our nervous system. The brain is the bodVs decision maker while the PNS is responsible for gathering and transmitting information. Nervous system Central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) Autonomic nervous system (communicates with internal organs and glands) Parasympathetic division (calming) Peripheral nervous system Somatic nervous system (communicates with sense organs and voluntary muscles) Sympathetic division (arousing) Sensory (afferent) nervous system (sensory input) Motor (efferent) nervous system (motor output)
  3. Nerves are electrical cables formed of bundles of axons. They link CNS with the bodVs receptors, muscles and glands.The optic nerve for eg — Bundles a million axons into a single cable carrying the messages each eye sends to the brain Cthar y Bet a C boeo•d Fovea central's Opt'< (bland Optic Nerve
  4. Sensory and motor neurons are in millions but interneurons are in billions Information travels through 3 types of neurons SENSORY From body tissues and sensory receptors to brain and spinal cord MOTOR Carry instructions from CNS to body muscles INTERNEURONS Between the sensory input and motor input information is processed in brain's internal communication
  5. Peripheral nervous system Somatic Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Everything else sensory and motor neurones Autonomic Somatic Nervous System Voluntary Input from sense organs Output to skeletal muscles Autonomic Nervous System Involuntary Input from internal receptros Output to smooth muscles glands
  6. Somatic Voluntary control of our skeletal muscles The actions we do with our hands (fingers, arm, wrist) to our feet are controlled through somatic nervous system Just like after completing a page, the brain sends signal to turn the page, it is the somatic nervous system that comes in action to help us use our hand to turn the page.
  7. Autonomic nervous system It controls our glands and the muscles of our internal organs It influences functions like glandular activity, heart rate, digestion ' It operates on its own The autonomic nervous system is further divided into Sympathetic nervous sytem Parasympathetic nervous system
  8. Schema Explaining How Parasympathetic and Sympathetic Nervous Systems Regulate Functioning Organs Autonomic nervous system SYMPHATETIC If something alarms or challenges (like a job interview) your nervous system will accelerate your heart beat, raise your BPI slow digestion, raise sugar level and cool you with perspiration. It makes you alert and ready for action. PARASYMPHATETIC It produces opposite effects conserving energy as it decreases heartbeat/ lowers sugar etc. They both work together and keep your internal state steady. Parasympathetic Pupil Salivary Glands Stows lung s Bila Intestines Stirrul't• Bladder Contracts Oti%anqat» Vaqu thon af Sympathetic SBIiwatY Glands Stomach Inhibits Oioestion Release Kidneys Epinephrine ard Relaxes Ala'det
  9. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (brain and spinal cord) 40 billion neurons connect roughly with 10/000 other neurons ending UP with 400 trillion synapses. A grain of sand sized speck of brain contains some 1000/000 neurons and 1 billion synapses. The brain's neurons cluster into work groups called neural networks The spinal cord is a 2-way information highway connecting peripheral nervous system and the brain Ascending neural fibres send UP sensory information and descending fibres send back motor control information. Reflexes illustrate the spinal cord's work Simple spinal reflex pathway consists on single sensory neuron and single motor neuron. They often communicate through interneuron.

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