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Digital Electronics Introduction

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Published in: Physics
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This is an introductory lecture on Digital Electronics which introduces digital electronics, compares it with analog electronics and advocates the advantages of digital over analog. It also shows how to derive digital signal out of an analog signal. How the digital signals looks alike. Then it focuses more on levels of integration possible in digital integrated circuits and lastly it starts with the discussion of Number systems, the first topic and its conversions.

Parag P / Indore

10 years of teaching experience

Qualification: M. Tech. Embedded Systems

Teaches: Algebra, Mathematics, Physics, Statistics, Electronics

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  1. Digital Electronics Presentation on Lecturel : Introduction to DigitaloElectronics mesented By : Parag Parandkar
  2. Contents Analog vs. Digital Why Digital or Analog? Advantages of digital over analog How to get digital from analog How its made Where are they used How do they look What's inside Levels of integration Digital design as Logic Circuits and its applications Number System and Interconversions
  3. Analog vs, Digital Analog signal- one whose output varies continuously in step with the input. Example: Analog Digital signal- one whose output varies at discrete voltage levels commonly called HIGH or LOW (1 or 0). Example: Digital HIGH or 1 LOW or O Time
  4. Why Digital? Data can be stored (memory characteristic of digital). Data can be used in calculations. Compatible with display technologies. Compatible with computer technologies. Systems can be programmed. Digital IC families make design easier.
  5. why Analog? Most "real-world" events are analog in nature. Analog processing is usually simpler. Analog processing is usually faster. Traditional electronic systems were mostly analog in nature.
  6. Benefits of Digital over Analog > Reproducibility > Not effected by noise means quality > Ease of design > Data protection Programmable Speed > Economy
  7. How to get Digital from Analog? SAMPLING Voltage Digital Samples Analog Signal Time • 7
  8. >How its made? At any point in the circuit, only two Voltage states are present- HIGH or LOW. Also sometimes called TRUE or FALSE. In Boolean Logic, 0 and 1. Generally, +5 V (roughly) considered high, while 0 V (ground) is considered low. Transistor as a switch is the building block of Digital Electronics Vcc Vo Vin vervav•4.eIectroSome.com Vcc vo
  9. Where are they used? Think of any Real Life Application of Logic Gates ! KHlNKlN6 CAP Whoa. What are the inputs? What's the output? Which logic gate should be used?
  10. How do they look? Dönb@79 youwocdbnbargoå@ LAYstÄ Copyright Donberg Electronics Ltd: "SN74LSOO" WHAT'S THIS?? www.donberg.ie
  11. What's Inside? 7400 Quad 2-input NAND Gates Vcc 14 1 IA 4B 13 2 1B 12 3 11 4 9 6 8 7 5 2B 2M GND Pin Diagram of SN74LSOO NAND IC
  12. Complexity in a digital design Complexity can, and generally does, surpass human capability. 10-100 million transistors/ cm2 now. 100-1000 million transistors/cm2 in 10 years. Provides motivation for computer-based design techniques. Most engineering work is done with CAD packages. 12
  13. Levels of Integration Integration levels SSI (small scale integration) Introduced in late 1960s 1-10 gates (previous examples) MSI (medium scale integration) Introduced in late 1960s 10-100 gates LSI (large scale integration) Introduced in early 1970s 100-10,000 gates VLSI (very large scale integration) Introduced in late 1970s More than 10 000 ates
  14. Digital Circuits A digital circuit is often constructed from small electronic circuits called logic gates that can be used to create combinational logic. Each logic gate represents a function of boolean logic. A logic gate is an arrangement of electrically controlled switches, better known as transistors. The output of a logic gate is an electrical flow or voltage, that can, in turn, control more logic gates. Integrated circuits are the least expensive way to make logic gates in large volumes. Another form of digital circuit is constructed from PLD for small volume. When the volumes are medium to large, microcontroller is programmed to make an embedded system. These are usually 14 ro rammed b soft are en ineers.
  15. Application of logic circuits • Computers: The braint body and limbs of computer systems—everything in it except peripherals • Embedded Systems: The brains that control the system (e.g. avionicst auto c cctronicsi VCRst microwaves, ctc„) • Digital Signal Processing (DSP): E.g. in digital cellular phonest digital Besides, computerst logic circuits find the bulk of their application as the embedded systems or brains of an enormous variety of pruducts. In such sys- toms they arc generally used as controllers of a larger electro-mechanical) system Sensors A/D Logic Circuit (Digital Circuit) Larger @ossibly non-digital) systenx Actuators Control Signals 15 This slide is adapted from freely available slides of shantanu dutt.
  16. 16 • Logic Circuits are used to realize functions of the type: If input condition Cl holds then do output action Al else if input condition C2 holds then do output action • Or have loopings in these constructs. E.g.t Repeat If input condition Cl holds then do output action Al else if input condition C2 holds then do output action Until condition (Co) • Conditions Ci can be of the type: — The tcmpw 70 degrees F — The time 12:30 pm — Value of variables Al .42 10 This slide is adapted from freely available slides of shantanu dutt.
  17. The role of logic • Digital system design is bascd on the princuplc of logic and the manipu- lation of logic symbols • Digital system design is thus also termed logic design • Logic: There are only 2 values associated with a statement or computation TYue (T) or Falsc (F) Example: Statement A: Today is a nice day F Statement B. This is a class of bright students T • Compound Statement: Formed of atomic or simplc statements that arc joined together by the 3 basic operators: AND, OR, NOT. It is also called a logic expressaon Example: A AND B = (Today is a nice day) AND (This is a class of bright students) F Similarly, A ORB = T; NOT(B) A OR (NOT(B)) = F This slide is adapted from freely available slides of shantanu dutt.
  18. Dcfn. A logic function , .40), wllcrc are logic variables that call takc T/F valucst is one which Ihas either T or F values as its output dcpcllding the input collibination of its IT/F values Fact: Ally log'c fillicti011 call bc rcprcsclltcd by a combination of AND OR NOT operators on thc input variables Encl: Any logic function can a so bc rcprcsclltcd by a Truth Table (TT) A Truth Table is a tabular rcprcsclltation ofa ogic function (or operation where the output valuc (T/F) is indicatcd for cach input T/F combinationw This slide is adapted from freely available slides of shantanu dutt. 18
  19. .4 B AND B F T F B A ORB T T F T NOT(A) • More Examples: A generic 2-input function f(A1, •42) — There arc a total of 22 combinations of 2 T inputs (i/p)-so the TT has 4 rows — Each output (0/1)) of a rowv can have 2 pos- siblc values (T/F) so there arc 24 16 pos- siblc combinations of values for a 4-row TT — Each of these 16 combinations is a distinct TT tllus there are 16 different 2-i/p func- tions 19 This slide is adapted from freely available slides of shantanu dutt.
  20. A gcncric 3-i/p function: f ( Ill, 113) T, T, - Thcrc arc 23 = 8 input combinations -thus 8 rows 256 - Thus a 3-i/p TT can Imc 2 possible output combinations ill its 8 rows-illus 256 different 3-i/p func- tions - In gcncral all n-i/p function/TT has 211 input combinations - It thus has 22 output collibinationj oilc for each distinct function-thus thcrc arc 22 different n-i/p functions 20 This slide is adapted from freely available slides of shantanu dutt.
  21. Boolean Logic: T is rcprescntcd by I and F is rcprcscntcd by 0 AND TT ill 1/0 representation (similar for OR NOT): B A AM) 13 00 01 10 11 1 Defil A logic circuit is a circuit that rcalizcs a logic function f(/ll electrically". It does so by electrically representing lis and Ots as voltagc lcvc st and manipulating them to producc I or 0 at thc output as rcquircd by function f. This slide is adapted from freely available slides of shantanu dutt. 21
  22. 22 • Dofn 111 positive logic a I is represented by a high voltage (generally 3-5 and a 0 by a low voltagc (generally 0-1 V) 5 3 1 0 Forbidden 1 Logic Value Reverse is the casc for negative logic Most digital circuits arc implemented in positive logic, and we will only focus on such circuits in this class This slide is adapted from freely available slides of shantanu dutt.

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