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Engineering Materials

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Published in: Mechanical
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Presentation of Engineering Materials.

Trinity A / Chandigarh

year of teaching experience

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Teaches: Indian National Mathematical Olympiad (INMO), Mental Maths, Olympiad Exam Preparation, Regional Mathematical Olympiad (RMO), Advanced Excel, Basic Computer, MS Office, School Level Computer, Mathematics, Statistics, Science, Social Studies, B.Tech Tuition, Drawing, Mechanical, AutoCAD Training, French, German, Study in Germany

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  1. Engineering Materials & Applications 16-01-2018 1
  2. SYLLABUS ' Introduction ' Superconductors ' Types, Properties, Applications of superconductors ' Preparations of the 1:2:3 or YBa2 Cu3 07 -x Superconductor ' Structure of 1 Superconductor, ' Optical Fibers Fullerenes, ' Organic Electronic Materials. 16-01-2018
  3. Introduction ' A material which is able to support loads more or less indefinitely is known as Engineering material. Characteristics: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 16-01-2018 Mechanical Properties like strength stiffness, toughness, creep and the influence of high and low temperature on these properties. Corrosion susceptibility and degradation Wear resistance and frictional properties Special properties like thermal, electrical, optical, magnetic Moulding and other methods of fabrication
  4. Superconductors 1. Superconductor are those materials which offer no resistance to the passage of electricity. 2. Superconductivity was discovered in1911 by the Dutch Physicist Heike kamerling Onnes. 3. The conductivity of superconductor changes abruptly at a particular temp. known as critical temperature 4. Below Tc, superconducting materials conduct with no appreciable resistance 16-01-2018
  5. Types of Superconductors Superconductor are of two types on basis of their magnetic response: 1. Type-I (The ideal superconductors) 2. Type-Il (hard superconductor) 16-01-2018 9
  6. Types of Superconductors TYPES OF SUPERCONDUCTORS Soft superconductors are those which can tolerate itnpurities without affecting the superconducting properties. Also called SOFT SUPERCONDUCTORS. Only one critical field exists for these superconductors. Critical field value is very love. Exhibits perfect and cornplete Meissner effect. The current flows through the surface only. These rnaterials have lirnited technical applications because of very low field strength value -e.g :-Pb,Hg,Zn,etc- 16-01-2018 Hard superconductors are those svhich cannot tolerate impurities, i.e., the impurity affects the superconducting property Also called ELARD SUPERCONDUCTORS. Two critical fields HC 1 (lowrer) & Hc2(upper) for these. Critical field value is very high. Don't exhibit perfect and cornplete Meissner effect- It is found that current flows throughout the rnaterial. These nuterials have svider technology of very high field strength value. e.g. Nb3Ge, Nb3Si 6
  7. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 16-01-2018 Properties of Superconductors At room temperature resistivity of superconductivity material is greater than other elements. At superconductivity state all thermoelectric effects disappears. Below Tc , if sufficient strong magnetic field is applied to a superconductor, its superconductivity properties is destroyed. When current is passed through the superconducting materials the heating loss 12R is zero. A superconductor exhibits perfect diamagnetism These are brittle in nature
  8. Applications of Superconductors 'Particle Accelerators 'Generators 'Transportation 'Power Transmission 'Electric Motors 'Military 'Computing 'Medical •B Field Detection
  9. Preparations of the 1:2:3 or YBa2 Cu3 07 - x Su erconductor ' Discovered: 1987 by Paul Chu Tc: 90-95K Bc2: 100 Tesla at 77 K Jc: I.ox109 A/m2 at 77 K ' Referred to as "1-2-3" superconductor because of the ratio of the three metallic elements Type: Type 11 Ceramic O O Batium Yttrium Copper Oxygen
  10. 1. 2. 3. 4. Disadvantages of Ceramic method High temperature required Very slow process Time consuming Product obtained is not often homogenous
  11. Preparations of the 1:2:3 or YBa2 Cu3 07 -x Superconductor by microwave method 1. A stoichiometric mixture of Y 203, Ba (N03)2 and Cu O was placed in a microwave oven. 2. Mixture was treated for 5min with 500W of microwave oven. 3. Then reground mixture and exposed for 15 min to microwave radiation at 130-500 W. 4. Finally the mixture was ground again and exposed to microwave radiation for 25 minutes. 5. In this method microwave was coupled to copper(ll) oxide. 6. Because of this non- stoichiometric oxide is efficiently heated by microwave radiation.
  12. Advantages & Disadvantages of microwave method Advantages: 1. This method dramatically decreases reaction time 2. Less problems with cracking because the heating is from inside not absorbed from outside. Disadvantages: 1. Temperature is high 2. Method does not solve the problem of chemical in homogeneity.
  13. Structure of the 1:2:3 or YBa2 Cu3 07 -x Superconductor Barium Yttrium Copper Oxygen
  14. Optical Fibers ' An optical fiber is a hair thin cylindrical fiber of glass or any transparent dielectric medium. ' The fiber which are used for optical communication are wave guides made of transparent dielectrics. ' Its function is to guide visible and infrared light over long distances.
  15. Optical Fibers Structure of optical fiber Cladding Core Buffer Coating
  16. Structure of optical fiber Structure of optical fiber: 1. Core — central tube of very thin size made up of optically transparent dielectric medium and carries the light form transmitter to receiver. The core diameter can vary from about 5um to 100 um. 2. Cladding — outer optical material surrounding the core having reflecting index lower than core. It helps to keep the light within the core throughout the phenomena of total internal reflection. 3. Buffer Coating — plastic coating that protects the fiber made of silicon rubber. The typical diameter of fiber after coating is 250-300 um.
  17. Classification of optical fiber ' Optical fiber is classified into two categories based on :- 1) The number of modes, and 2) The refractive index
  18. Classification of optical fiber ' On the basis of number of modes:- Optical fiber are classified into two types: (i) Single mode fiber (SMF) (ii) Multi-mode fiber (MMF)
  19. Classification of optical fibers On the basis of Refractive index 1. Step index fiber : The refractive index of core is constant ' The refractive index of cladding is also constant ' The light rays propagate through it in the form of meridiognal rays which cross the fiber axis during every reflection at the core cladding boundary. 2. Graded Index fiber : In this type of fiber core has a non uniform refractive index that gradually decrease from the centre towards the core cladding interface. ' The cladding has a uniform refractive index. ' The light rays propagate through it in the form of skew rays or helical rays. They do not cross the fiber axis at any time.
  20. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Applications of Optical fibers In telecommunication field In space applications Broadband applications Computer applications industrial applications Mining applications In medical applications In military applications etc.
  21. Fullerenes A Fullerene is any molecule composed entirely of carbon, in the form of a hollow sphere, ellipsoid, or tube. Spherical fullerenes are also called buckyballs, and cylindrical ones are called carbon nanotubes or buckytubes.
  22. Fullerenes A Fullerene is any molecule composed entirely of carbon, in the form of a hollow sphere, ellipsoid, or tube. Spherical fullerenes are also called buckyballs, and cylindrical ones are called carbon nanotubes or buckytubes.
  23. Organic Electronic Materials These are recently used
  24. Bibliography N PTEL LECTURES: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k RErdKwaAg NPTEL LECTURES: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=co 1bqam9zm8
  25. 1. 2. 3. 4. FAQs Define composites. Why they should be made? Discuss applications of composites How are composite materials classified? Discuss about laminar composites.

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