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Energy

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Published in: Mechanical
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Presentation on Energy

Trinity A / Chandigarh

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Teaches: Indian National Mathematical Olympiad (INMO), Mental Maths, Olympiad Exam Preparation, Regional Mathematical Olympiad (RMO), Advanced Excel, Basic Computer, MS Office, School Level Computer, Mathematics, Statistics, Science, Social Studies, B.Tech Tuition, Drawing, Mechanical, AutoCAD Training, French, German, Study in Germany

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  1. TYPES, UNITS, CONSUMPTION AND RESERVE
  2. Renewable and Non-renewable
  3. What Energy? •Energy is the ability to do work
  4. Energy Forms Heat Light Sound Kinetic (movement) Chemical Electrical Gravitational Elastic (potential)
  5. Squrces of Enerzy All forms of energy are stored in diffe t ways, in the energy sources we use every day. These sources are divided into 2 groups.
  6. Sources of Energy *Renewable An energy source that can be replenished in a short period of time. rNon — Renewable An energy source that we cannot replace.
  7. Renewable Energy *Sun '*Wind •Geothermal eBiomass (plants) o ci
  8. Energy *Coal *Natural Gas FNuclear
  9. Units Of Energy • Kwh: 1 kWh = 3.6 106 joule BTU:British thermal unit (Btu) The British thermal unit (Btu) is the old imperial unit of energy. It is still very much in use and is particularly popular in the USA. 1 Btu = 1.055 103 joule Therme: The therme is a unit that originated in the gas supply industry. It is equivalent to 100 000 Btu. 1 therme 1.055 108 joule • Tonne of oil equivalent (toe:) The 'tonne of oil equivalent' (toe) is a unit of energy used in the oil industry. 1 toe 4.5 1010 joule • Barrel: The barrel is another unit of energy used in the oil industry. There are 7.5 barrels in 1 toe. 1 barrel 6 109 joule Calorie: In the food industry the calorie is the most commonly used unit of energy. It is in fact the amount of heat energy required to raise 1 gram of water through 1 oc. 1 calorie 4.2 103 joule 1.3.
  10. Law of Thermodynamic • Thermodynamics is the study of heat and work, and the conversion of energy from one form into another. There are actually three laws of thermodynamics, although the majority of thermodynamics is based on the first two laws. • The first law of thermodynamics: It states that the energy in a system can neither be created nor destroyed. Instead, energy is either converted from one form to another, or transferred from one system to another. If the first law is applied to a heat engine, such as a gas turbine, where heat energy is converted into mechanical energy, then it tells us that no matter what the various stages in the process, the total amount of energy in the system must always remain constant. Second law of thermodynamics It is the second law which deals with the natural direction of energy processes. For example, according to the second law of thermodynamics, heat will always flow only from a hot object to a colder object. Entropy can be used to quantify the amount of useful work that can be performed in a system. In simple terms, the more chaotic a system, the more difficult it is to perform useful work.
  11. Law of Thermodynamic • In an engineering context it is the second law of thermodynamics that accounts for the fact that a heat engine can never be 100% efficient. Some of the heat energy from its fuel will be transferred to colder objects in the surroundings, with the result that it will not be converted into mechanical energy The third law of thermodynamics: The third law of thermodynamics is concerned with absolute zero (i.e. 273 oc). It simply states that it is impossible to reduce the temperature of any system to absolute zero.
  12. Energy Consumption and GDP Table 1.1 I listorical overview of capita energy consumption 151 Period and location Very early 1000000 BC 4000 BC Middle East AD 1500 AD 1900 AD 1990 USA, Western Europe etc. Type of society Gatherers lunter-gatherers Settled farmers Agricultural with small scale industry Industrialized scxiety Advanced industrialized s€xiety Characteristics Gathered wild fruit, nuts and vegetables Gathered wild fruit etc., hunted and cooked focxl Sowed crops and kept animals Agricultural s€xiety with specialized industries producing metal, glass etc. Large scale industry, mass production, large cities Consumer society, mass transport, many labour saving devices Estimated daily per capita energy consumption 2 000 kcal (8.2 MJ) 4 kcal (16.4 MJ) 12 kcal (492 MJ) 21 (XX)kCa1 (882 MJ) 90 000 kcal (378 MJ) 250 kcal (1 GJ)
  13. World Energy Consumption World, Primary Energy Consumption (Mtoe) 14 12 or-ID Energy Farr-lily Other Renewables Hydro Nuclear Gas Oil Coal
  14. History of Energy Consumption • It can be seen from Table 1.1 that per capita energy consumption has increased (almost exponentially) as societies have become more advanced and industrialized. • The first humans were simple gatherers who lived off wild fruit, nuts and vegetables. However, as people began to hunt and live in less hospitable regions, they learnt to use fire for cooking and heating. As time progressed, societies developed; first came agriculture and then came industrial practices; the smelting and working of metals and increased trading of goods and materials. With these technological and social advances came increased energy consumption; buildings needed heating, food needed cooking and manufacturing processes required fuel. • It is estimated that per capita energy consumption rose from approximately 4000 kilocalories per day, in the age of the hunter- gatherer, to approximately 21 000 kilocalories per day, in Europe prior to the Industrial Revolution
  15. per Capita Income of Nations 700 600 E 500 300 8 ä 100 0 0.1 x xo 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 Per capita GNP (S thousand) X x n Mozambique Ethiopia Zaire India China Philippines Egypt Bolivia Figure 1.1 Per capita GNP versus energy consumption of some of the poorer nations
  16. Energy Intensity and Efficiency The ratio of energy used to GDP is known as the energy intensity of an economy. It is a measure of the output of an economy compared with its energy inputs, in effect a measure of the efficiency with which energy is used. • Manufacturing nations, with old or relatively poor infrastructures, like many of the East European and former Soviet Union (FSU) countries, often exhibit very high energy intensities, while the more energy efficient 'post-industrialized' nations have much lower intensities. The link between infrastructure and energy intensity is very strong indeed. • In industrialized economies, energy intensity is strongly influenced by the efficiency of the infrastructure and capital stock such as power stations, motor vehicles, manufacturing facilities and end-user appliances. • The energy efficiency of capital stock is, in turn, influenced by the price of energy relative to the cost of labour and the cost of borrowing capital. If energy costs are high in relation to these other costs, then it is much more likely that investments will be made in energy- efficient technologies.
  17. Global Energy Consumption Table 1.4 Global energy consutnption by fuel type for 1999 (conapile•d frotn BP energy data) 2.6 0.1 9.3 2.8 6.0 3.6 Primary energy.• consumption by fuel* ( m.4iIIion tonnes Oil equivalent') USA Canada Mexico Arge n tina Brazil Ec u ador Peru Venezuela Other South and Central Arnerica Austria Belgium Luxernbo urg Bu lgaria CÀec-h Republic Fran cc Ge rrnany H u ngar•y Iceland Republic Of -Ireland Italy Netherlands Norway 1999 Oil 888.9 so.s 1052.6 20.8 83.2 10.6 216.7 32.4 10.6 10.7 96 40-6 1999 Natural gas 561.7 6S_4 657.7 24.1 72.1 56.0 1999 Coal 546.4 27.8 6.0 0.5 0.3 0.5 20.1 3.2 6.9 6.6 3.6 80.2 7.0 0.7 1999 .Nuclear energy 197.8 19.0 219.4 3.9 101.9 1999 Hydro— electric 27.2 29.6 2.9 4-4.9 02 10.5 Total 224 .122.s -127.5 20.7 203 71.6 363 26.1 65.4 19.9 253 -o 330.6 13.1 1999 Per cent Of -25.92 2.62 1.43 29.97 0.24 0.24 0.08 o -Fao O_S4 4 _ 24 0:76 0.22 0.23 0.29 2.95 3.86 0.28 0.02 0.15 1 -94 o -96 0.28
  18. Energy • One of the major concerns of environmentalists and economists alike is the rate at which 'precious' fossil fuel reserves are being expended. It has been estimated that crude oil could remain plentiful and cheap for at least 40 years . • The EIA states: Worldwide, oil remains the dominant source of energy throughout the projection horizon [i.e. to 2020], as it has since 1970. Oil's key role [is] in the transportation sector - where it does not currently have any serious competition from other energy sources • The Energy Information Administration (EIA) in the USA predicts that in the twenty-first century there will be substantial increases in energy demand, based mostly on fossil fuels [3]. This is expected to occur mainly because of economic growth in the developing economies of Asia and South America. • Consequently it is predicted that the percentage growth in energy demand will be considerably lower in the developed countries compared with the developing countries
  19. Energy • It is predicted by the EIA that the trend towards the increased use of natural gas in the 1990s will continue in the twenty-first century. This is because natural gas is increasingly perceived as the fuel of choice for electricity generation: • it has a much lower carbon intensity than coal; the electricity generation process is more efficient; it is free from the industrial disputes which are often associated with coal production; and it is much cheaper and quicker to construct gasfired power plants. • Oil demand is predicted to grow with the increased use of motorized transport in developing countries
  20. Energy Table 15 Pmen energy reserves by fuel type (compiled from BP energy data) Oil Proven reserves at Natural gas Coal the end of 1999 Total Notth America Total South and Central America Total Europe Total Soviet Union Total Middle Total Africa Total Pacific Total World • Includes the Middle East. Thousand Share Trillion Share million barrels 63.9 89.5 20.7 65.4 675.7 74.8 44.0 1034.0 of Million of cubic total(%) metres total(%) tonnes 6.18 8.66 2.(1) 6.32 6535 723 426 7.31 6.31 5.15 56.7 49.52 11.16 10.28 146.43 5 4.30 3.50 38.70 33.80 7.70 7.00 100.00 256477 21574 122032 230178 na 61605* 292345 922606 Share of total(%) 26.10 2.20 12.40 23.40 na 6.20* 29.70 100.00

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