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Note On Elements Of Computer Science And Engineering Unit-V

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Published in: Computer Science
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IOT, Robotics, Drone Technology, Artificial Intelligence, Game Development, Natural Language processing

Kartheek G / Vijayawada

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Qualification: M.Tech in Computer Science & Engineering

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  1. UNIT-5 What Is lot: IOT stands for Internet of Things. It refers to the interconnectedness of physical devices, such as appliances and vehicles, that are embedded with software, sensors, and connectivity which enables these objects to connect and exchange data. This technology allows for the collection and sharing of data from a vast network of devices, creating opportunities for more efficient and automated systems. Internet of Things (IOT) is the networking of physical objects that contain electronics embedded within their architecture in order to communicate and sense interactions amongst each other or with respect to the external environment. In the upcoming years, loT-based technology will offer advanced levels of services and practically change the way people lead their daily lives. Advancements in medicine, power, gene therapies, agriculture, smart cities, and smart homes are just a very few of the categorical examples where IOT is strongly established. 10T is network of interconnected computing devices which are embedded in everyday objects, enabling them to send and receive data. Main components used in IOT: Low-power embedded systems: Less battery consumption, high performance are the inverse factors that play a significant role during the design of electronic systems. Sensors : Sensors are the major part of any IOT applications. It is a physical device that measures and detect certain physical quantity and convert it into signal which can be provide as an input to processing or control unit for analysis purpose. 2. 3 4 5 6 7. 8 9. Different types of Sensors • Temperature Sensors Image Sensors Gyro Sensors Obstacle Sensors RF Sensor IR Sensor MQ-02/05 Gas Sensor CDR Sensor 10. Ultrasonic Distance Sensor What Is Robotics?
  2. Robotics is the intersection of science, engineering and technology that produces machines, called robots, that replicate or substitute for human actions. WHAT IS A ROBOT? A robot is a programmable machine that can complete a task, while the term robotics describes the field of study focused on developing robots and automation. Each robot has a different level of autonomy. These levels range from human-controlled bots that carry out tasks to fully- autonomous bots that perform tasks without any external influences. What Is a Drone? Drones, sometimes referred to as unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), carry out tasks that range from the mundane to the ultra-dangerous. These robot-like aircrafts can be found rescuing avalanche victims as well as dropping off groceries at your doorstep — and almost everywhere in between. DRONE DEFINITION: WHAT IS A DRONE? A drone refers to any aerial vehicle that receives remote commands from a pilot or relies on software for autonomous flight. Many drones display features like cameras for collecting visual data and propellers for stabilizing their flight patterns. Sectors like videography, search and rescue, agriculture and transportation have adopted drone technology. Originally developed for the military and aerospace industries, drones have found their way into the mainstream because of the enhanced levels of safety and efficiency they bring. These robotic UAVs operate without a pilot on board and with different levels of autonomy. A drone's autonomy level can range from remotely piloted (a human controls its movements) to advanced autonomy, which means that it relies on a system of sensors and LiDAR detectors to calculate its movement.
  3. Different drones are capable of traveling varying heights and distances. Very close-range drones usually have the ability to travel up to three miles and are mostly used by hobbyists. What is Artificial Intelligence? Artificial Intelligence suggest that machines can mimic humans in: Talking Thinking . Learning Planning Understanding Artificial Intelligence is also called Machine Intelligence and Computer Intelligence. Artificial Intelligence (Al) Artificial Intelligence is a scientific discipline embracing several Data Science fields ranging from narrow Al to strong Al, including machine learning, deep learning, big data and data mining. Machine Learning (ML) Today, Artificial Intelligence is usually referring to Machine Learning technologies. While traditional computer programming uses rules (algorithms) created by humans, machine learning uses technologies where the rules (algorithms) are created from the input data (on which the system is trained). Classical programming uses programs to create results: Data + Computer Program = Result Machine Learning uses results to create programs (algorithms): Data + Result = Computer Program
  4. Artificial Intelligence Samples: Self Driving Cars E-Payment Google Maps . Text Autocorrect Automated Translation Chatbots Social Media . Face Detection Search Algorithms Robots Automated Investment NLP - Natural Language Processing Flying Drones Dr. Watson Apple Siri Microsoft Cortana . Amazon Alexa Game Development Game Development is the art of creating games and describes the design, development and release of a game. It may involve concept generation, design, build, test and release. While you create a game, it is important to think about the game mechanics, rewards, player engagement and level design. To get involved in the Game Development process, you do not need to write code. Artists may create and design assets, while a Developer might focus on programming a health bar. A Tester may get involved to see that the game works as expected. To resolve problems that game frameworks had, tools like libGDX and OpenGL were developed. They helped game development to be a lot faster and easier, providing lots of pre- made functions and features. However, it was still hard to enter the industry or understand a framework for someone coming from a non-programmer background, a common case in the game development scene.
  5. Natural Language Processing (NLP) refers to Al method of communicating with an intelligent systems using a natural language such as English. Processing of Natural Language is required when you want an intelligent system like robot to perform as per your instructions, when you want to hear decision from a dialogue based clinical expert system, etc. The field of NLP involves making computers to perform useful tasks with the natural languages humans use. The input and output of an NLP system can be — Speech Written Text Components of NLP There are two components of NLP as given Natural Language Understanding (NLU) Understanding involves the following tasks — Mapping the given input in natural language into useful representations. • Analyzing different aspects of the language. Natural Language Generation (NLG) It is the process of producing meaningful phrases and sentences in the form of natural language from some internal representation. It involves — • Text planning— It includes retrieving the relevant content from knowledge base. Sentence planning — It includes choosing required words, forming meaningful phrases, setting tone of the sentence. • Text Realization — It is mapping sentence plan into sentence structure. The NLIJ is harder than NLG. Difficulties in NLU NL has an extremely rich form and structure. It is very ambiguous. There can be different levels of ambiguity — Lexical ambiguity — It is at very primitive level such as word-level. • For example, treating the word "board" as noun or verb? Syntax Level ambiguity — A sentence can be parsed in different ways.
  6. For example, "He lifted the beetle with red cap." — Did he use cap to lift the beetle or he lifted a beetle that had red cap? Referential ambiguity — Referring to something using pronouns. For example, Rima went to Gauri. She said, "l am tired." — Exactly who is tired? One input can mean different meanings. Many inputs can mean the same thing. NLP Terminology Phonology — It is study of organizing sound systematically. Morphology — It is a study of construction of words from primitive meaningful units. Morpheme — It is primitive unit of meaning in a language. Syntax — It refers to arranging words to make a sentence. It also involves determining the structural role of words in the sentence and in phrases. Semantics — It is concerned with the meaning of words and how to combine words into meaningful phrases and sentences. Pragmatics — It deals with using and understanding sentences in different situations and how the interpretation of the sentence is affected. Discourse — It deals with how the immediately preceding sentence can affect the interpretation of the next sentence. World Knowledge — It includes the general knowledge about the world. IMAGE AND VIDEO PROCESSING image Processing Image processing originates from the more general field of signal processing and covers methods used to segment the object of interest. Segmentation here refers to methods which in some way enhance the object while suppressing the rest of the image (for example the edges in an image). Video Processing Video processing covers most of the image processing methods, but also includes methods where the temporal nature of video data is exploited. Image Analysis Here the goal is to analyze the image with the purpose of first finding objects of interest and then extracting some parameters of these objects. For example, finding an object's position and size. Cloud Basics
  7. The first thing to know is that there is no single "cloud." Moving to the cloud isn't as simple as unplugging existing servers and turning them over to a Cloud Service Provider (CSP). 5 Essential Characteristics ON-DEMAND SELF-SERVICE BROAD NETWORK ACCESS On-Demand Self-Service MEASURED SERVICE RAPID ELASTICITY RESOURCE POOLING A consumer can unilaterally provision the cloud, such as server time and network storage, as needed automatically without requiring assistance form the Cloud Service Provider (CSP). Broad Network Access The cloud is available over the network and accessed through standard devices (e.g., mobile phones, tablets, laptops, and workstations). Resource Pooling The cloud is pooled or shared to serve multiple consumers, with different physical and virtual resources dynamically assigned and reassigned according to consumer demand Rapid Elasticity The cloud can be elastically provisioned and released, in some cases automatically, to scale rapidly outward and inward based on demand. To the consumer, the cloud infrastructure available for provisioning often appear to be unlimited and can be appropriated in any quantity at any time. Measured Service
  8. The cloud usage can be monitored, controlled, and reported, providing transparency for both the provider and the consumer of the utilized service (i.e., pay for only what you use). 4 Deployment Models PUBLIC CLOUD Public Cloud PRIVATE CLOUD COMMUNITY CLOUD HYBRID CLOUD Provisioned for open use by any consumer (e.g., business, academic, government). The cloud infrastructure may be owned, managed, and operated by the consumer, a third party, or a combination of them. It exists on the premises of the cloud provider. Private Cloud Provisioned for exclusive use by a single consumer. The cloud infrastructure may be owned, managed, and operated by the consumer, a third party, or some combination of them, and it may exist on or off premises. Community Cloud Provisioned for exclusive use by a specific community of consumers from organizations that have shared concerns (e.g., mission, security requirements, policy, and compliance considerations). The cloud infrastructure may be owned, managed, and operated by one or more of the organizations in the community, a third party, or some combination of them, and it may exist on or off premises. Hybrid Cloud A composition of two or more distinct cloud deployment models (i.e., private, community, public) that remain unique entities, but are bound together by standardized or proprietary technology that enables data and application portability (e.g., cloud bursting for load balancing between clouds). 3 Service Models
  9. Software as a Service (SaaS) Platform as a Service (PaaS) Infrastructure as a Service (laaS) Software as a Service (SaaS) The capability provided to the consumer is to use the provider's applications running on a cloud infrastructure. The applications are accessible from various client devices through either a thin client interface, such as a web browser (e.g., web-based email), or a program interface. The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure including network, servers, operating systems, storage, or even individual application capabilities, with the possible exception of limited user specific application configuration settings. Platform as a Service (PaaS) The capability provided to the consumer is to deploy onto the cloud infrastructure consumer-created or acquired applications created using programming languages, libraries, services, and tools supported by the provider. The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure including network, servers, operating systems, or storage, but has control over the deployed applications and possibly configuration settings for the application-hosting environment. Infrastructure as a Service (laaS) The capability provided to the consumer is to provision processing, storage, networks, and other fundamental computing resources where the consumer is able to deploy and run arbitrary software, which can include operating systems and applications. The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure but has control over operating systems, storage, and deployed applications; and possibly limited control of select networking components (e.g., host firewalls).

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