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Notes On Energy Audit

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Note of energy audit ktu

Hadif A / Calicut

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  1. I MODULE Energy management Energy is the ability to do work and examples are 'electricity, fuel, steam, heat, compressed air, fossil fuels and other kinds of non-renewable. Energy Type crude Oil Natural Gas Coal Nuclear energy Hydro Power Renewable energy Total Primary Energy consumption % share in total primary Energy Consumption 29.5% 54.5% 5.0% 100.00 Coal dominates in the energy production in india ,contributing 55% of total energy production. For many organizations, energy (electricity, coal and fuel), labour and materials are the top three operating expenses But the generation of energy requires natural resources which are depleting day by day. On the other side, use of energy is increasing exponentially. Reductions in energy consumption and thereby reducing energy cost are very important for any industry to remain competitive. Private companies are also sensitive to energy costs, which directly affects their profitability. Energy Management is effective use of energy to minimize costs and maximize profits throughout the organization with the least environmental effect. The energy management helps organization to produce goods and provide services with the least cost and environmental effect. Because energy usage is optimized. Strategy used for this in the organization is known as energy management program Energy Management is managing all kinds of energy used in the company based on the company's energy management program to minimize costs and maximize profits . There is 25% savings in energy costs by implementing an energy management program The objective of Energy Management is to 1 JITHESH P
  2. I MODULE To minimize energy costs without affecting production & quality. Energy management is all about reducing the cost of energy used by an organization, Reducing energy costs has two ways: price and quantity. To minimize environmental effects. The problem of global warming or climate change is caused by emission of carbon dioxide and other Green House Gases (GHG) by use of fossil fuels. So Energy management reduces these problems To save energy . Overall Energy management saves energy Necessity of Energy Management Energy Management is necessarily required because it influences company operation and activities including the following: energy costs which affect the company profitability energy costs which affect the competitiveness in the world market National trade and financial balance. Increasing energy demand in India is a drain of the national economy, Thus, energy conservation is equally important for the nation and industrial firms. local and global environments occupational safety and health.Organisations which achieve maximum energy efficiency are likely to be sustained in the long term reduce loss and waste productivity quality Energy management planning. The way of organizing energy management program is known as Energy management planning. An energy management program can be organized in three ways 1. Initiation and planning. 2. Audit and analysis. 3. Implementation and continuous assessment INITIATION AND PLANNING • Commitment by management to an energy management program. 2 JITHESH P
  3. I MODULE Top management should be ready to support and drive energy management program. They should think that this program is best for the organization and energy management program will bring profit to the organization.Otherwise employees at all levels of an organization won't be committed to the energy management program • Assignment of an energy manager. Once management commits to the program, the next step is to name one individual the energy manager. The energy manager's responsibilities are to ensure the energy management program is accepted by staff and operates effectively. The energy manager, who should be a senior staff member, will be responsible for the overall coordination of the program and will report directly to top management. TOP MANAGEMENT ENERGY MANAGER DEPARTM ENT REPRESENATIVES PU BUC MEMBERS Energy management organization structure Creation of an energy management committee of major department representatives and public members The energy manager's first step is to set up an energy management committee with representatives from each department of the organisation. Next, the energy manager should explain the need for the energy management program and its economic and environmental benefits to the department representatives. The committee should take steps to inform this to all staffs in the organization. The energy manager and committee set up an incentive system where staffs are awarded for bringing improvements to this energy management program Example is 3 JITHESH P
  4. I MODULE Creation of an energy management committee for a city to reduce energy cost and improve energy efficiency.Here mayor is the top management Mayor Tom Bradley City department representatives Public buildings Building and safety Fire department Police departmenl Sanitation SLreel maintenance and lighting Library Recreation and parks Airports Harbor Water and power Convention center AUDIT AND ANALYSIS PHASE City energy manager Mark Braly Public members Craig B. Smith After the program initiation and planning phase, the audit and analysis phase begins. It involves determining where and how energy is being used and identifying opportunities for using energy more effectively. . This phase consists of a detailed review of historical data, energy audits, energy analysis and economic evaluation Review historical energy use To do detailed review of historical energy use data is obtained from utility bills other records in the organization The energy manager get following information 4 Is historical fuel and energy use increasing or decreasing? (Consider the past 2 to 5 years.) Are there seasonal variations in fuel and energy use? (Summer or winter peaks?) How different is the fuel and energy use for each division in whole organization ? JITHESH P
  5. I MODULE • Are there temporal variations in fuel and energy use? (Off-shift versus on-shift; weekend versus weekday, etc.) Energy Audit Energy Audit is defined as monitoring , analysis and verification of use of energy using special submission of technical report containing tools such as computer model .lt includes recommendations for improving energy efficiency This technical report contains an action plan to reduce energy consumption and thus reducing energy cost. An audit can be conducted by an employee of the organization who has appropriate expertise, or by a specialist energy-auditing firm. Auditors may include members of the organisation's maintenance or technical staff or outside person can be brought in to conduct the audit. Usually the audit team will have a combination of experienced engineers and persons who are more familiar with the organisation's systems and operationsthe Energy audit is a timely study In the energy audit, the auditor or audit team collects detailed information for each piece of equipment in the organization such as, lighting systems, Heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems, and processes, and sometimes information on the building construction.. The audit can be done on a process-by-process basis or on a building or facility basis, The auditor measure loads and equipment operating hours (in hours per day, week, or month) using metering equipment, or he or she may use equipment nameplate specifications For weather-sensitive loads ,auditor simulate energy usage based on different weather scenarios. After calculating energy use for all of the major loads, auditors can compare the findings with historical records.lf both are not matching , auditors find out the exact area of energy use The energy manager and energy committee then use results of the audit to find exact major areas of energy use and to do the next steps in the energy management plan Energy and Economic Analyses 5 JITHESH P
  6. I MODULE The next step is to find opportunities for using energy more effectively and do economic analysis from audit results.Economic analysis involves finding cost and benefit for this opportunities for improving energy use IMPLEMENTATION AND CONTINUOUS ASSESSMENT PHASE It involves establishing energy management goals and action plan prioritizing and implementing projects, Inform, Train, and Motivate Personnel, Measure, Verify, and Report Performance and Continuous Program Assessment Establishing Goals and action plan After the audit and analysis phase, the energy management committee uses all information and form meaningful energy management goals. The energy management goals are meaningful if they do not violate overall financial and environmental goals of the organization and obeyed by the government guidelines Some examples of energy management goals include: Decrease energy use by X% over the next X years Reducing energy costs by over the next X months Increase sustainable energy sourcing by X% Reduce greenhouse gas emissions by X% over the next X quarters An action plan is then created. Action plan have details • how the organization will achieve the proposed goals what actions are prioritised what actions are assigned to individuals, with clear responsibilities, budgets and time. Prioritizing and Implementing Projects Actions are prioritized and are taken according to the proposed action plan.Financial funds must be provided for the performing actions. Inform, Train, and Motivate Personnel 6 JITHESH P
  7. I MODULE Everyone inside the organization must also be aware of the benefits of the energy management program to improve energy efficiency. It promotes user cooperation. Training and communication are also important inside an organization at this point. Staffs must be trained to understand energy management program and acquire the required skills to work to use tecnnology and equipment improve energy efficiency. Measure, Verify, and Report Performance Next step is to take measurements, monitor equipment, and verify that systems are operating as expected and energy use and energy management goals are met. A report is prepared about feedback that tells them how well people in the organization are doing Continuous Program Assessment The implemented energy management program must be reviewed periodically to determine its strengths and weaknesses and check whether it can meet goals in the case of changing economic conditions (energy price),new regulation by government(building,environmental) The top management check whether the implemented measures are done to improve the energy efficiency and do corrective actions,based on that Top management correct possible identified mistakes and introduce adjustments in the previously defined energy management goals and policy, action plans. Thus top management can make changes to the energy management program for further improvement General principles of Energy management The principles of Energy Management involve the following steps: Adopting a energy management program having goals and action plan management Review of historical data Energy audit Economic evaluation(cost and benefit) for energy 7 Purchase or supply energy at the lowest possible cost (example: buy from original sources, review the purchase terms) Manage energy use at the highest energy efficiency JITHESH P
  8. I MODULE Use the most appropriate technology(process and equipment) to produce goods and provide services in the organization Reusing and recycling energy by cascading (example: waste heat recovery) Alternate energy source(substitute fuel) Energy storage Reduce the avoidable losses (make use of wastes generated within the plant as sources of energy and reducing the component of purchased fuels and bills) Developing interest in and dedication to energy management program from all employees.lt includes environmental awareness also Types of loads in power systems A device which taps electrical energy from the electric power system is called a load on the system.Electrical loads can be classified according to their nature as Resistive, Capacitive, Inductive and combinations of these. According to the phase difference of voltage and current Resistive Load The resistive load obstructs the flow of electrical energy in the circuit and converts it into thermal energy, due to which the energy dropout occurs in the circuit. Two common examples of resistive loads are incandescent lamps and electric heaters. The resistive loads take power in such a way so that the current and the voltage wave remain in the same phase. Thus the power factor of the resistive load remains in unity Inductive Load The inductive loads use the magnetic field for doing the work. The transformers, generators, motor are the examples of inductive loads. They are used in household devices with moving parts such as including fans, washing machines and the compressors in refrigerators and air conditioners . The current wave of the inductive load is lagging behind the voltage wave, and the power factor of the inductive load is also lagging. Capacitive Load The examples of capacitive loads are capacitor bank, three phase induction motor starting circuit, etc. The current wave of the capacitive load is leading behind the voltage wave, and 8 JITHESH P
  9. I MODULE the power factor of the capacitive load is also leading.Examples of capacitive loads are: capacitor banks, buried cables, capacitors used in various circuits such as motor starters etc According to the application various types of loads on the power system are: Domestic load. Domestic load consists of lights, fans, refrigerators, heaters, television, small motors for pumping water etc. Most of the residential load occurs only for some hours during the day (i.e., 24 hours) e.g., lighting load occurs during night time and domestic appliance load occurs for only a few hours. Commercial load. Commercial load consists of loads that are meant to be used commercially, such as lighting for shops, fans and electric appliances used in restaurants, shops, malls etc. This class of load occurs for more hours during the day as compared to the domestic load. The commercial load has seasonal variations due to the extensive use of air conditioners and space heaters. Municipal load. Municipal load consists of street lighting, power required for water supply and drainage purposes. Street lighting load is practically constant throughout the hours of the night. For water supply, water is pumped to overhead tanks by pumps driven by electric motors. Pumping is carried out during the off-peak period, usually occurring during the night. This helps to improve the load factor of the power system. Irrigation load. This type of load is the electric power needed for pumps driven by motors to supply water to fields for farming. Generally this type of load is supplied for 12 hours during night. Traction load. This type of load includes tram cars, trolley buses, railways etc. This class of load has wide variation. During the morning hour, it reaches peak value because people have to go to their work place. After morning hours, the load starts decreasing and again rises during evening since the people start coming to their homes. 9 JITHESH P
  10. I MODULE • Industrial load. Industrial load consists of load demand by industries. The magnitude of industrial load depends upon the type of industry. It includes all electrical loads used in industries along with the employed machinery. Industrial loads may be connected during the whole day Thus small scale industry requires load up to 25 kW, medium scale industry between 25kW and 100 kW and large-scale industry requires load above 500 kW. Industrial Load Types These are categorized into three basic load types; Mechanical I, Mechanical Il, and Thermal. 10 Load Type Mechanical I These type of loads may not be able to modulate, but can be turned ON/OFF for extended period of time if needed. This refers to that manufacturing process equipment that apply sudden changing mechanical force on a raw material during defined cycle time. Examples are found in forging presses,grinders, chippers, etc. Load Type Mechanical Il These loads can modulate given that they are equipped with suitable control devices such as variable frequency drives (VFD) . However, sufficient precautions need to be taken as too frequent starts can cause overheating and may shorten life duration of insulating parts in refers to that manufacturing process equipment that apply the electric motor. This consistent force on a moving media such as fluids, conveyors, etc. Examples are found in machine drives such as pumps, fans, blowers, air compressors, etc. Load Type Thermal If these loads are interrupted, they may or may not restart the cycle from the interruption point. This will depend on the duration of the interruption and on the type of process involved. This refers to the manufacturing process equipment that changes the phase, composition or chemical characteristics of a raw material and is continuously running unless interrupted by maintenance or production schedule change. Examples are found in smelters, continuously operating metal heat treatment furnaces, electrolytic cells,induction melting furnaces, etc. Heat treatments, for example, will not to produce metals with the JITHESH P
  11. I MODULE required characteristics if they do not proceed according to the scheduled sequence of heating and cooling. Another type of industrial loads Continuous load Continuous loads are usually defined as those that normally operate continuously for long periods of time. Intermittent load Intermittent loads are usually defined as those loads that normally operate a fraction of a 24 hour period. The exact period of time is usually not defined or noted. Standby Load Standby loads are usually defined as those loads that are off but ready to run. Peak Demand controls For an electric utility company, the actual point of peak demand in a period which represents the highest point of customer consumption of electricity. Peak demand is the term used in energy management describing a period in which electrical power is expected to be provided at a significantly higher than average supply level.So to reduce energy use and energy cost the Peak Demand is to be controlled .As the demand charges constitute a considerable portion of the electricity bill, from user angle too there is a need to effectively control the maximum demand. The process of minimizing the maximum demand is known as Peak Demand control Methodologies of Peak Demand controls 1. Load Curve Generation Basic step is to plot load curve. 11 JITHESH P
  12. I MODULE o 25 20 15 10 5 12 4 (Mid Night) 1 8 12 16 Time of day Load curve 20 24 The curve showing the variation of load on the power station with respect to (w.r.t) time is known as load curve.lt represents load on the power generating station in kW recorded at the interval of hours in chronological order. It shows the variation in demand for energy of the consumers with respect to time .When it is plotted for 24Hours of a day ,it is called as daily load curve. The monthly load curve can be obtained from the daily load curves of the month. The yearly load curve is obtained by considering the monthly load curves of that particular year. The highest point on the daily load curve represents the maximum demand on the station on that day. These types of curves are useful in predicting patterns of drawl, peaks and valleys and energy use trend in a network 2. Load Shaping Objectives Load Shaping Objectives are methods to change the shape of load curve for managing the demand for power.lt improves customer service, reduce undesirable environmental impacts, and maximize national economic benefits. Peak clipping 12 JITHESH P
  13. I MODULE peak o Off-peak Peak Off-peak clipping Time of day Peak clipping refers to the reduction of utility loads during peak periods. This reduce the need for additional generation capacity. The net effect is a reduction in both peak demand and total energy consumption. Methodologies of peak clipping Reducing power demand at peak times using peaker power plants .Peaking power plants, also known as peaker plants, are power plants that generally run only when there is a high demand, known as peak demand, for electricity. peaker plant is only going to be run for a short time. The time that a peaker plant operates , depending on the condition of the region's electrical grid. The lower efficiencies of peaker plants make them more expensive to operate. When diesel generation sets are used to supplement the power supplied by the electric utilities, it is advisable to connect the D.G. sets for durations when demand reaches the peak value. This would reduce the load demand to a considerable extent and minimize the demand charges. control of consumer equipment. control the tariff rate Load Shifting(peak load shaving) 13 JITHESH P
  14. I MODULE peak o off-peak off-peak Time of day Load Shifting In the load shifting case, the controllable loads are shifted from peak periods to off peak periods without changing any energy consumption.Peak usage rescheduled to fit under lower threshold. The net effect is a decrease in peak load(peak demand), but no change in total energy consumption.lt is also known as peak load shaving Methodologies of peak load shaving (load shifting) Three different Methodologies of peak load shaving are • Energy Storage System (ESS) Peak load shaving is achieved through the process of charging Energy Storage System (ESS) when demand is low (off-peak period) and discharging when demand is high 14 JITHESH P
  15. I MODULE Before Peak Shaving After Peak Shaving BESS discharge into nework BESS charging from generator 6am 12pm Time of day 6 pm Sodium sulphur (NaS) batteries are mostly used for peak load BESS charging from generator 12 am shaving and improve power quality of grid [96]. Other storage technologies such as Fly wheels, thermal storage, Supercapacitors system are also used for peak load shaving. • Electric Vehicle (EV) to grid operation Since storage energy of electric vehicles is usually not fully utilised each day, this is used for peak load shaving service. peak load shaving is achieved through the process of charging batteries of plug in hybrid electric vehicle when demand is low (off-peak period) and discharging when demand is high • Demand Side Management(DSM) Demand side management reduces the peak amount of load and shifting it to times of lower load using energy efficient programs and demand response (incentive base programs ,price based programs) Strategic conservation 15 JITHESH P
  16. I MODULE In Strategic conservation utility loads are reduced equally during all or most hours of the day. There are net reductions in both peak demand and total energy consumption. This causes decrease in overall sales Strategic Conservation Time of day Flexible load shape Instead of influencing load shape on permanent basis, the utility has the option to interrupt loads when necessary. Utility can change the consumption of consumers when needed in exchange of financial incentives. There may be a net reduction in peak demand and no change in total energy consumption. Optimal Load scheduling-Case studies The Optimal Load electrical load scheduling is the process of calculating the instantaneous loads operating in a facility (a place designed for a specific use) for reducing total cost of supplying generating energy to load .Usually the calculation is done in terms of active power(kW) and reactive power(kVAR) 16 JITHESH P
  17. I MODULE It involves three process Coordination (Yearly,Monthly Or Weekly) Coordination Unit Commitment (Weekly Or Daily) Economic Load Dispatch (Hourly) 17 Coordination is determining the optimal amounts of hydro and thermal generation units to be used during a scheduling period . The HCP is also decomposed in three Parts. depending on the reservoirs storage capacity. 1.Long Term 2.Mid Term 3.Short Term Unit Commitment The unit commitment is deciding which electricity generating units should be running during a scheduling period to satisfy varying demand of electricity.Load of power system varies through out the period and reaches a different peak value from one day to another. So which generator to start up and the sequence in which units should be operate and for how long. The computational procedure for making such decision is called unit commitment Economic Load Dispatch Economic Load Dispatch is generate the required amount of power with minimum cost to supply load. Economic load dispatch means that the generator's real(kW) and reactive power(kW) are allowed to vary within certain limits so as to meet a particular load demand with minimum fuel cost. The Economic Load Dispatch (ELD) can be defined as the process of allocating generation level to the generating units, so that the system load is supplied entirely and most economically. The economic load dispatch is used to define the production level of each plant, so that the total cost of generation and transmission is minimum for a prescribed schedule of load. The objective of economic load dispatch is to minimize the overall cost of generation. The method of economic load dispatch for generating units at different loads must have total fuel cost at the minimum point. JITHESH P
  18. I MODULE The total cost of operation includes the fuel cost, the cost of labour,supplies and maintenance. Generally, cost of labour supplies and maintenance are fixed percentage of incoming fuel costs. The power output of fossil plants is increased sequentially by opening a set of valves to its steam turbine at the inlet. Fuel Input Boiler Turbine Generator Figure 2.2 Simple model of a fossil plant This allocation of loads are based on some constraints. Voltage constraints 'Vmin s V Vmax ömin ömax Active and reactive power constraints Pmin s P Pmax Qmin Q Qmax 18 JITHESH P
  19. I MODULE Assume that the system is only one bus with all generation and loads connected to it .Assume on plant have one generator unit.Fuel cost of generator of each plant is represented by a cost function Ci total production cost is defined by the equation ng the fuel cost of generator can be represented as a quadratic function of real power generation So total production cost is defined by the equation Ct = Qi + PiPi + The essential constraint on the operation of the system the sum of the output powers must be equal to load demand PD (Received load) So for optimal load scheduling,condition must be satisfied is n total production cost Ct = + ßiPi + IiPi2 is minimum ,subjected to the constraints EPi=PD The optimum value of power(active power) produced by generator Pi is found out as per the above condition.lf plants operate for that power ,leads to optimal power scheduling Solution of optimum load scheduling 19 JITHESH P
  20. I MODULE Let Ci Rs / h be the input cost to generate a power of Pi MW in unit i. Fig. 1 shows a typical input —output curve of a generating unit. For each generating unit there shall be a minimum and a maximum power generated as Pi min and Pi max. in Rs/h p i min Pi in MW i max Fig. 1 Input-Output curve of a generating unit If the input-output curve of unit i is quadratic, we can write q +ßiPi Rs/h dCi Thus while deciding the optimal scheduling, we are concerned with INCREMENTAL COST (IC) which is determined by the slopes of the input- dCi output curves. Thus the incremental cost curve is the plot of versus dCi The dimension of is Rs/MWh. The unit that has the input— output relation as q -ajPi2 +ßiPi +Yi Rs/h has incremental cost (IC) as dCi Here q , ßi and Yi are constants. 20 (1) (2) JITHESH P
  21. I MODULE Thus while deciding the optimal scheduling, we are concerned with INCREMENTAL COST (IC) which is determined by the slopes of the input output curves. The unit that has the input — output relation as q +ßiPi +Yi Rs/h incremental cost (IC) as dCi 2qPi+ß i Rs/MWh. Here q , ßi and are constants. Thus the solution for the optimum scheduling problem Minimize CT = E Ci (Pi) subject to PD (1) is obtained when the following equations are satisfied. dCi i 1,2, where is the Lagrangian multiplier. Suppose that the total load in a plant is supplied by two generating units. Assume that the incremental cost of one unit is higher than that of the other unit. Now suppose some of the load is transferred from the unit with higher incremental cost to the unit with lower incremental cost The transfer of load from one to other can be continued with a reduction of total cost until the incremental costs of the two units are equal Initially, IC2 > ICI . Decrease the output power in unit 2 by AP and increase output power in unit 1 by AP. This change can be continued until ICI = IC2 at which the total cost will be minimum 21 JITHESH P
  22. I MODULE IC2 2 1 ICI p, Fig. 3 Two units case . The same reasoning can be extended to a plant with more than two generating units also. In this case, if any two units have different incremental costs, then decrease the output power in unit having higher IC and increase the output power in unit having lower IC. When this process is continued, a stage will reach wherein incremental costs of all the units will be equal. Now the total cost of generation will be minimum Thus the economical division of load between units within a plant is that all units must operate at the same incremental cost. Case study EXAMPLE 1 The cost characteristic of two units in a plant are: C, = 0.4 160 PI + Rs./h 0.45 P22+ 120 Rs./h where PI and P2 are power output in MW. Find the optimum load allocation between the two units, when the total load is 162.5 MW. What will be the daily loss if the units are loaded equally? 22 JITHESH P
  23. I MODULE SOLUTION Incremental costs are: PI + 160 Rs./MWh 0.9 P2+ 120 Rs. / MW h Using the equal incremental cost rule 0.8 Pi and 0.9 P2+120=Å x -160 x -120 Since PI 162.5 we get 2.3611 = 495.8333 210-120 0.8 160 120 + _ + 162.5 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.9 2.3611 = 495.8333 This gives 210 MWh 0.9 Knowing 0.8 P, + 160 — and 0.9 P2 +120 Optimum load allocation is 210-160 0.8 EXAMPLE 2 62.5 MW and - 162.5 0.9 100 MW A power plant has three units with the following cost characteristics: c, 0.51>12 +215Pl +5000 Rs/h = I.op: +270P2 +5000 Rs/h -0.782 +160P3 +9000 Rs/h are the generating powers in MW. The maximum and minimum where Pis loads allowable on each unit are 150 and 39 MW. Find the economic scheduling for a total load of i) 320MW ii) 200 MW 23 JITHESH P
  24. I MODULE SOLUTION Knowing the cost characteristics, incremental cost characteristics are obtained as =I.OPI +215 Rs/MWh IC2=2.OP2 +270 Rs/MWh IC3-1.4P3 +160 Rs/MWh Using the equal incremental cost rule 1.0 PI +215 = 1.0 +215 = h; Case i) Total load = 2.0 + 270 = 2.0 270 = h; 1.4 +160 1.4 Pg+ 160 320 MW Since Pi + P2 + pg 320 = 320 we have A-215 A-270 A-160 1.0 2.0 1 1 1 i.e. 1.0 2.0 1.4 i.e. 2.2143 784.2857 1.4 215 270 160 + 320 1.0 2.0 1.4 This gives 354.193 MWh Thus Pi (354.193- 215)/ 1.0 (354.193-270)/ 2.0 (354.193-16.0)/ 1.4 139.193 MW 42.0965 MW = 138.7093 MW All Pi s lie within maximum and minimum limits. Therefore, economic scheduling is PI = 139.193 MW; 24 P2 = 42.0965 MW; = 138.7093 MW JITHESH P
  25. I MODULE Case ii) Total load 1 1.0 2.0 1.4 - 200 MW Since Pi + P2+P3= 200 we have 215 270 160 i.e. 2.21429 A = 664.2857 1.0 20 1.4 This gives 300 Rs/MWh Thus Pi = (300- 215)/ 1.0 ( 300 - 270 ) / 2.0 ( 300-160 ) / 1.4 85 MW 15 WI = 100 MW It is noted that P2min. Therefore P2 is set at the min. value of 39 MW. Then PI +P3 = 200 - 39 = 161 MW. This power has to be scheduled between units 1 and 3. Therefore 1 1.0 1.4 215 160 + 161 1.0 1.4 i.e. 1.71429 490.2857 This gives 286 Rs/MWh Thus Pi = (286-215)/1.0 - 71 MW - (286-160)/1.4 = 90 pumw PI 25 and P3 are within the limits. Therefore economic scheduling is PI -71 MW; =39MW; MW JITHESH P

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