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History Class 7

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Published in: History
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NCERT notes for class 7 chapter 3

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  1. Delhi sultans Tarikh/tawarikh a book written in Persian language, the language of administration. The authors of this book were courtiers, secretaries, administrators, poets etc. • These authors lived in Delhi • They wrote the history of sultans in the hope of rich rewards. • These authors advised the rulers to preserve the social ideal based on birth right and Gender discrimination. Daughter of Sultan lltumish's daughter, Raziyya, became the ruler of Delhi sultans in 1236. She tried to establish the kingdom independently. But courtiers, administrators, secretaries were not happy with her as a queen ruling the kingdom. She was over thrown by 1240. These authors though it was against the social ideal created by god. The main expansion of Delhi sultans happen during the reign of Allauddin Khalji and Tughulq. They expanded from garrison to hinterland. Peasants and pastorals were overthrown and the plundered regions were given to farmers and agriculture was encouraged. Lots of mosques were built during this time. Congregational mosque Administration and consolidation during khalji's and tughluqs rule Instead of giving the administrative work to aristocrats, they were favouring special slaves who were purchased by the military services. They were called bandagan. These bandagan were key posts in administering the kingdom. But this no longer had stable politics in the kingdom because these bandagan were loyal to their masters and patrons but not to their heirs. Also many aristocrats complained about these bandagans because they were not capable of administering. They appointed military commanders as the governor of territories. The territory was call Iqta and their holder was called Iqtadar or muqti. The Iqtadar should maintain law and order in their Iqta, and collect the revenue. The revenue was also paid to the soldiers. The post of Iqtadar was not inherited. As khalji and tughluq controlled the hinterland, they forced the Samantas, chieftains and aristocrats to fall their rules and accept their authority. The right to collect tax by chieftains were cancelled and were levied to pay tax. The taxes were levied on peasants produce, cattle produce and houses. These kings also annexed southern India, but it was very difficult to control over such a huge territory. Sultanes forced couldn't penetrate to such a big kingdom. So chieftains gained their control back on their areas. The Mongol king Genghis khan invaded Iraq in 1219, during which they also invaded Delhi sultans. The rulers were Allauddin khalji and tughluq. ' Allauddin mobilised the standing army. The garrisons were fortified. The army soldiers were paid with regular salaries. He raised the taxes from peasants produce. He paid remuneration through cash instead of Iqtas. The merchants were asked to sell the goods at fixed fairs by king and the administration was effective. They withstood the Mongol invasion.
  2. During tughluq reign, the Mongols invaded them. Tughluq was confident about his army. The mobilised the standing army. Instead of building new fortress, he emptied his people and they were garrisoned. The taxes were successfully levied and were fed to army. To compensate additional expenditure, he imposed additional taxes. This situation was coincided with famine in this region. He also paid currency to his soldiers. The material used was cheap metal and could be easily counterfeited. His administration was not successful. His complex steps in administering and levying taxes led to rebellion. He took back step in invading Mongols. The currency system was disbanded. Sher sha sur who was manger, has challenged Mughal dynasty king Humayun and won against him. His administration was model to his descendent Akbar, a great emperor.

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