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Computer Networking

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Published in: Computer Science | Networking | Web Development
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Notes On Computer Networking.

Anchit A / Patna

2 years of teaching experience

Qualification: M.TECH CSE, B.Tech/B.E. (APEX ,BPUT, ODISHA - 2015), Diploma (EDUCONF THECNOLOGIES PVT LTD - 2017)

Teaches: Basic Computer, Computer for official job, MS Office, School Level Computer, Artificial Intelligence, Ethical Hacking, Networking, Raspberry Pi, Unix/Linux, Vmware, Blog Programming

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  1. Application Layer Protocols (DNS, SMTP, POP, FTP, HTTP) An application layer protocol defines how application processes (clients and servers), running on different end systems, pass messages to each other. In particular, an application layer protocol defines: The types of messages, e.g., request messages and response messages. The syntax of the various message types, i.e., the fields in the message and how the fields are delineated. The semantics of the fields, i.e., the meaning of the information that the field is supposed to contain; Rules for determining when and how a process sends messages and responds to messages. 1 SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol): One of the most popular network service is electronic mail (e-mail). The TCP/IP protocol that supports electronic mail on the Internet is called Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP). SMTP transfers messages from senders' mail servers to the recipients' mail servers using TCP connections. Users based on e-mail addresses. SMTP provides services for mail exchange between users on the same or different computers. Following the client/server model: SMTP has two sides: a client side which executes on a sender's mail server, and server side which executes on recipient's mail server. Both the client and server sides of SMTP run on every mail server. When a mail server sends mail (to other mail servers), it acts as an SMTP client. When a mail server receives mail (from other mail servers) it acts as an SMTP server. TELNET (Terminal Network): TELNET is client-server application that allows a user to log onto remote machine and lets the user to access any application program on a remote computer. TELNET uses the NVT (Network Virtual Terminal) system to encode characters on the local system. On the server (remote) machine, NVT decodes the characters to a form acceptable to the remote machine.
  2. TELNET is a protocol that provides a general, bi-directional, eight-bit byte oriented communications facility. Many application protocols are built upon the TELNET protocol FTP (File Transfer Protocol): FTP is the standard mechanism provided by TCP/IP for copying a file from one host to another. FTP differs form other client-server applications because it establishes 2 connections between hosts. FTP is built on a client-server architecture and uses separate control and data connections between the client and the server. One connection is used for data transfer, the other for control information (commands and responses). It transfer data reliably and efficiently. Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME): It is an extension of SMTP that allows the transfer of multimedia messages. If binary data is included in a message MIME headers are used to inform the receiving mail agent: Content-Transfer-Encoding: Header alerts the receiving user agent that the message body has been ASCII encoded and the type of encoding used. Content-Type: Header informs the receiving mail agent about the type of data included in the message. POP (Post Office Protocol): POP is also called as POP3 protocol. This is a protocol used by a mail server in conjunction with SMTP to receive and holds mail for hosts. POP3 mail server receives e-mails and filters them into the appropriate user folders. When a user connects to the mail server to retrieve his mail, the messages are downloaded from mail server to the user's hard disk. HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol): This is a protocol used mainly to access data on the World Wide Web (www). The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) the Web's main application-layer protocol although current browsers can access other types of servers A respository of information spread all over the world and linked together. The H TIP protocol transfer data in the form of plain text, hyper text, audio, video and so on.
  3. HTTP utilizes TCP connections to send client requests and server replies. Domain Name System (DNS): To identify an entity, TCP/IP protocol uses the IP address which uniquely identifies the connection of a host to the Internet. DNS is a hierarchical system, based on a distributed database, that uses a hierarchy of Name Servers to resolve Internet host names into the corresponding IP addresses required for packet routing by issuing a DNS query to a name server. However, people refer to use names instead of address. Therefore, we need a system that can map a name to an address and conversely an address to name. In TCP/IP, this is the domain name system. DNS in the Internet: DNS is protocol that can be used in different platforms. Domain name space is divided into three categories. Generic Domain: The generic domain defines registered hosts according, to their generic behaviour. Each node in the tree defines a domain which is an index to the domain name space database. image002 Country Domain: The country domain section follows the same format as the generic domain but uses 2 characters country abbreviations (e.g., US for United States) in place of 3 characters. Inverse Domain: The inverse domain is used to map an address to a name. Overview of Services

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