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Class 10 CBSE Science Notes

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Published in: Biology
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Respiration 2

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  1. RESPIRATION 8.1 MACHANISM OF GASEOUS EXCHANGE BE EEN TISSUES BLOOD : When the air enters into the lungs through nostrils, trachea and bronchi it enters into the bronchioles, from bronchioles it moves into thin walled alveolar sa alveoli. Alveoli are rich in blood capillaries, at this plac 1 AND Red bleed oxygen from air diffuses into the blood s to all the cells and tissues of body this ox now d ses into the cell and is utilized for th xidafio fo production of energy in mitochon s a res carbon dioxide is produced 1 IIS, due his in concentration of C02, it diffuse to the 00. corpuscle Tissue cel Capillary :OObO f this d and ungs From arteriole (branch of *fiery) To venule (branch of vein) brought back to a and ex through frac and no ut of t 8.1 lung. (a) Control iratio by the iratory centre situated in medulla oblongata of brain. Respiration is c ro ( • reathing occu invo arily. normal ndiüo ate of breathing is 15-18 Limes per minute. During vigorous exer times. the (iii) The tota d oxygen increases due to which rate of breathing increases by about 20-25 a for gas exchange covered through 300 million alveoli is about 36-72 m2 in each (iv) Respiratory quotient : It is defined as the ratio of the volumes of CO liberated and 02 used during respiration. 8.1 (b) Some Respiratory Disorders : • Emphysema : It occurs due to infection, smoking etc. It occurs due to obstructions in bronchioles caused by breaking of alveolar septa. Bronchodilators and 02 therapy are used, for curing this disease. • Asthma : Air passages are narrowed and lead to obstruction in breathing.
  2. 2 • Pneumonia : Lymph and mucous accumulate in alveoli and bronchioles. It occurs due to bacterial and viral infection. • Bronchitis : Swelling in living membranes of respiratory tract due to excessive smoking. • Tuberrulosis : Bacterial infection in lungs. • Pleurisy : Inflammation of lung membrane called as pleurisy. • Sudden contraction of diaphragm along with loud closure of glottis causes Hiccough. • Sudden and violent expulsion of air through mouth and nose is called a sneezing. • Fermentation : the slow decomposition of organic matter into simpler substances in the presence of enzymes is known as fermentation. This process is u for preparation of alcoholic beverages in presence of yeast in the absence of oxygen. Glucose a uctose are converted to ethanol by this process. It is a type of anaerobic respiration 8.1 (c) Difference Between Aerobic and Anaerobic Re i Aerobic (i) It occurs in all living cells of higher plants. (ii) It re uires ox en. iii The end roducts are C02 and H20. (iv) The oxidation of one molecules of g e roduces 38 ATP molecules. (v) All the reactions except the ction o Anaerobi bacten ain fungi, germinatin seeds It occu d flesh its mus e uired x en in Th nd rodu re alcoh 1 or lactic acid and C02. T umber of A olecules produced is only 2. 1 the rea ke place in cytoplasm. 1 col sis take lace inside •tochondria (vi) Organic compounds are pletely •des O ve ic compounds are incompletely oxidized and 11 amount of ene is realesed and hi h amount of ene is re (vii) Non toxic to lants. 8.1 (d) Differences Betwee spi es ira • (i) It is a catab •c ess. (ii) Carbohydra ar •dized. d. i her lants. Toxic t hotos Energy is lib ted e form ATP. ir increases during mount 0 02 in thesis : Photos nthesis It is an anabolic process. Carbohydrates are synthesized. Light energy is stored in the form of glucose or che energy. The amount of C02 in the air decrease du photosynthesis. It takes place only in chlorophyllous cells. Dry weight of plant increases. Photophosphorylatin occurs. C02 and H20 are used while 02 is evolved. 6C02 + 12H20 C6H1206 + 602 + 6H20. al g re es p and no the living cells, both green (vii) Dry t of plant decreases. (viii) Oxidati hophorylation occurs (ix) 02 is utiliz d and C02 and H20 are formed C6H1206 + 602 602 + 61-120 + ener .1 ( e) Differences Between Respiration and Combustion : Res iration (i) It is a biolo •cal process (ii) It takes lace at normal tem eralure. (iii) Respiration is a slow process completed I n several steps. Thus, the energy is also liberated in several steps and remains stored Combustion It is a chemical process. It takes lace athi h tem erature. Combustion is fast process in which the energy is liberated only in one step resulting in increase in temperature and production of fire.
  3. 3 in the form of ATP. 8.1 (f) Cellular Respiration : If refers to the oxidation of food taking place inside the cell. As this process is at cellular level so it is called cellular respiration. It takes place in three steps . It refers to the oxidation of food taking place inside the cell. As this process is at cellular level so it is called cellular respiration. It takes place in three in 3 steps . (i) Glycolysis inabsence of 02 Aneerobic respiration C2H50H + C02+ ATP 8.1 (g) Glycolysis : (ii) Kreb Cycle Carboh drates During digestio Glucose Glycolysi Pyruic acid in (iii) Electron Transport System ence o A bic respiration Kreb Cycle C02+H20+38ATP Glycolysis also calle EMP pathw m of ce l. ite-cyt (i) In this cycle gl o pyru acid in presence of many enzymes and co- is co enzymes. (ii) Oxygen (iii) 1 molecule quire g glycolysi e to 2 molecules of pyruvic acid. se give are formed among them 2ATP molecules are utilized thus (iv) In this proce 4m ules o of ATP is les. olecul are re d to 2NADPH2 , which later produces 6ATP molecules. Il pr (vii) The no pro f ATP in glycolysis is 2ATP + 6ATP = 8ATP n of C02 during this process. NOTE : After glyco pyruvic acid is converted into acetyl Co-A with the release of CO and the process is called as 'oxidative decarboxylation'. It occurs in mitochondria of the cell. Besides this 6ATP are also formed during this step. 8.1 (h) Kreb Cycle : Site : Mitochondria of cell (i) Also called aerobic oxidation. (ii) Discovered by Sir Hans Kreb. (iii) Another name TCA cycle (tricarboxylic acid cycle) or Citric acid cycle.
  4. 4 (iv) It brings about the conversion of pyruvic acid, fatty acids, fats and amino acids into C02 and water by oxidation. (v) It is the common path for oxidation of carbohydrates, fats, proteins. (vi) it accounts for 24ATP molecules. (vii) It starts with acetyl Co-A which is then converted into several intermediate compounds with the release of NADPH? FDH2, ATP, hydrogen atoms and then Acetyl Co-A is regenerated back. 8.1 (i) Electron Transport System or ETS : (i) In this hydrogen atoms produced during oxidation of various intermediates during Kreb cycle are first broken into protons and electrons. (ii) These protons and electrons after passing through a series o nzymes and cytochromes combine with oxygen to form water molecules. (iii) During these series of events INADPH2 releases 3 molecules which were produces during kreb cycle and glyc olecules a FADH2 gives 2ATP is. NOTE : The net gain of ATP molecules during respiration i TPm les am 8ATP from glycolysis 6ATP from conversion of pyruvic acid into 24ATP from kreb cycle besides this C02 and 1--120 are also release Some important points : (i) Diaphragm becomes flat ring in tion a comes convex during expiration. (ii) Tidal volume : Volume of (iii) Residual volu e : Air left liters. (iv) Total lun pacity elaxed position. It is around 500 ml. spire xpire e who aratory tract after forceful expiration. It is 1.5 um amo of air the lungs can hold after forceful inspiration. It is about 5-6.0 (v) Vital capa aximu ount of air which can be breathed out through forceful ex iration after a ce spirali It is 3.4-4.8 lifres. , see ta acity is or • In th cle o tes, mountain dwellers, non smokers. re in exchange provided by our 750 million alveoli in two lungs in 100 S. m. n and exhalation, repeated 15 to 18 times in a minutes about 500 ml of air is breat in and out. In 24 hours, we breadth in 1500 litres of air. • Blood is the dium for the transport of oxygen from the respiratory organ to the different tissues and carbon dioxide from tissues to the respiratory organs. As much as 97 percent of the oxygen is transported from the lungs to the tissues in combination with hemoglobin and only 2 percent is transported in dissolved condition by the plasma. A normal person has about 15 grams of hemoglobin per 100 ml of blood. One gram of hemoglobin binds about 1.34 ml of 02. Thus, 100 ml of blood carries about 20 ml of oxygen. • Carbon dioxide is also transported by hemoglobin. When a respiring tissue release carbon- dioxide, it is first diffused in the plasma. From here it diffuses into the red blood cells. Carbon-
  5. 5 dioxide is transported from the tissues to the lungs in the form of bicarbonates dissolved in water. • About 23% of carbon dioxide entering into the erythrocytes combines with the globin (protein) part of haemogloin to form carbaminohaemoglobin, which is transported to the lungs. • Carbon monoxide binds with hemoglobin about 230 times more readily than oxygen. When a person inhales carbon monoxide, it diffuses from the alveolar air to the blood and binds to haemoglobin forming carboxyhemoglobin. The latter is a relatively stable compound and cannot bind with oxygen molecules. So, the amount of hemoglobin available for oxygen fransport is reduced. The resulting deficiency of oxygen cases headache, dizz• s, nausea and even death. Mountain sickness : It is also known as altitude sickness. At s evel the concentration of oxygen is about 21 % and the barometric pressure averages 760 mm Hg. altitude increases, the concentration remains the same but the number of oxy 12,000 feet the barometric pressure is only 483 g, so es per are th is reduced. AT fewer oxygen molecules per breath. In order to oxygenate the bo fective reathing r ven while at rest) has to be increased. This extra ventilatio oxygen tent in the blood, but not creases sea level concentration. The fall in oxy on sickness. These symptoms include brea sness, igue and a bluish tinge on the DAILY PRACTIVE OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS , nails BLE by a pa halam aken in lood p ced th mptoms of mountain dache, di ess, nausea, vomiting, mental the brain called the (C) medulla oblongata (D) cerebellum 1. 2. out 3. 4. 5. 6. Breathing rate in m (A) thalamus In anaerobic (A) 02 is taken d pleu (C) infla lion of als in co on (B) C02 is du ra (C) 02 is given out (D) C02 is given Leaves resp (A) lenticles •th the help of (B) stomata (B) inflammation of frachea (D) none of these above (C) plasmodesmata (D) cuticle Correct statement is (A) roots of plant respire through lenücles and stomata. (B) stem of plant respire through lenticles (C) both A and B are correct (D) both A and B are incorrect Which of the following is not a characteristic of good respiratory surface ? (A) Thin and moist (B) Large surface area
  6. 7. 8. 9. 10. plasma (C) Close to oxygen and gas transport Respiration in yeast (A) takes place in the presence of oxygen (C) in anaerobic and produces carbon dioxide 6 (D) Thick and dry surface (B) yields lactic acid and carbon dioxide (D) takes place only in darkness Muscle cells engaged in vigorous activity build up a high concentration of (A) lactic acid (B) pyruvic acid (C) alcohol Exchange of respiratory gases takes place in an earthworm through (A) moist skin (B) gills (D) cholesterol (D) lungs Oxygen is fransported in blood mainly by (A) leucocytes (B) erythrocytes (C) trachea (C) thrombo (D) blood SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Write any two points of difference betw espir What do you mean by fermentation ? Describe the mode of respiration insect What are the functions of re iratory em ? in pl irinit ? nd res Why do walls of trachea not c se wh ere is I LONG ANSWER TYPE UESTION lion in animals. (d) Bronchitis 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. Write the dif Explain the fo (a) Emphysema ces be in bri otosyn and respiration. (c) Pneumonia Describe the stru re o gs. Ex brief all orga volved in respiratory system. he ular res iration. proce hich inhalation occurs during breathing in human beings. A farmer s his fie every day thinking that watering in this manner will result in a better yield of his w crop. What will be the result of this action of the farmer ? [C.B.S.E, All India 20041 What is the function of epiglottis in man ? Draw labelled diagram showing the human respiratory system. [All C.B.S.E. -20041 Distinguish between aerobic and anaerobic respiration in terms of end products and energy 14. [C.B.S.E. - 20041 India
  7. ANSWERS DAILY PRACTIVE PROBLEMS # 8 Qus. Ans. 10
  8. NIHIHvv

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