Political Science Tutors in Howrah

Constitution is a written document that includes(embodies) some basic/fundamental principles and laws, rules, rights for its citizens, duties towards the particular nation-states where citizens lives in. It determines the power and duties of the center and state governments. 

Abdul Gaffar Khan popularly known as Simanta Gandhi or frontier Gandhi during freedom movement of India.

British PM C.Atlee decided to send a mission to India for the transfer of powers from British Indian Goverment to Indian leaders.The mission had 3members... Objective of the mission : a)to obtain an agreement with the Indian leaders as to the framing of a constitution for India b)to formulate a constitution making body c)to established an executive council with the support of the major Indian parties.

India is a democracy and one of the features of democracy is free and fair elections where the citizen has a right to choose their representative. If there is a single party, then there is no choice available to the people except for a single person. Moreover, multipart system promotes healthy democracy by keeping the system of checks and balances over one another.

Fundamental Rights are those which are enshrined in the constitution and have a priviledge over the other rights mentioned in the constitution. The priviledge is that in case they are broken,an individual can directly approach to the Supreme Court. In case the right is not a fundumental right , an individual shall first approach the High Court Supreme Court can also issue writs in case the fundamental rights are broken. Basic Structure Though the concept is not explicitly mentioned in the constitution but Supreme Court in various judgements has outlined this concept. The rights falling under this concept cannot be taken away in any circumstances. And fundamental Rights are a part of basic structure of the constitutions. Moreover if any law is against the basic structure, Supreme Court can declare it null and void.

There are mainly 2 functions of the Constitution. They are as follows:- 1. To make the government consisting of Legislative, executive and Judiciary system. 2. To divide the powers between the Federal and the State government.

Public sector in india were once upon a time at commanding height of the economy. Due to its preeminence the first PM Nehru had called it the temple of modern India. But today ,barring a few exceptions, public sector in general is deteriorating at an alarming rate. The reason can be cited as below: 1. Monopolistic behavior: Public sector usually since independence operated without any competition from peers. This led them towards complacency 2.Inefficiency : Not facing challenges resulted into public sector being inefficient . Because they didn't have to be accountable. 3.Non professional management: Public sector usually is governed by generalists Ias who are not specialized in that field . They may not understand the nitty gritty of the underlying business model. More so these officials do not have a fixed tenure there . So by the time they try to learn the detail, they have to get ready for next department. In this way company becomes rudderless. 4.Deep nexus between Politician and civil servant: This result into misappropriation of public sectpr accounts profit. And very less profit is left to run the organization and to expand it. Although the above reason is responsible for deterioration of public sector , but it is not rigid pattern . Once the good practices starts slide can be reversed. For example Isro Antrix , HAL etc is continuously making profit whereas Air India , PSB are in deep losses.

The Russian economy, for the past 69 years, had operated on a centrally-controlled planned economy on various means of production, investment, consumption decisions.   The economic policy had a complete base on the principles of the Communist Party, who authoritatively controlling all aspects of economic activity.  The real issues like economy dependency on volatile oil and gas prices, downsizing and unreformed monopolies, state still large from an emerging economy, non-exist banking system, corruption-plagued business transactions, and concrete infrastructural reforms such as housing and pension were not dealt in-depth, but a seemingly slow trend towards a pro-market direction in Russia’s economy was evident.  The Communist Party had proved its limits with debts, staggering economy and several state revolts leaving the only possibility of progress for Russia economy seemed to be in the transition to capitalism.  With communism collapsing at the onset of the 1990s, USSR experienced difficulties in transiting from a fundamentally centrally managed economy to a laissez-faire economy and transiting from communism to capitalism in terms of population, economic potential and an inherent strict centralist system leading to complete disintegration of the USSR in 1991. The transition occurred multi-dimensionally in terms of social, cultural, political and policy areas coupled with a complex psychological and mental process because of its deep-rooted socialist tradition.  Russians were thrown into the fathomless pool of market economy.  This kind of change was difficult because a great battle was waged against the people's mentality.  For example in the communist state guaranteed job with a strong feeling of stability was there while with the State privatization citizens not only had to tend for themselves but also had to find a job.

USA and USSR become rivals from 1945 to 1949 and started the term Cold war be attributed to the following reasons:

The most important reason was they were natural rivals because of their radical ideology difference - One supported Capitalism while the other Communist idealogy. Secondly, USA and USSR emerged as the two real superpowers post World War II and started competing against each other to become more powerful than the other especially through arms supermacy.  When USA tested their new weapon, the atomic bomb in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan.  Roosevelt and later Truman were keen to boast to Stalin about this new military achievement at the Potsdam and Yalta conferences in July and August 1945thereby irking each other into buidling a more stronger military and defence bases through advanced technology. Thridly, appointment of Truman as President of USA and implementing the Truman doctrine (meant money, equipment and advice was to be given to any country which was under threat from a communist takeover) had a huge fall out against the delogy of USSR who were trying to spread communism in Europe. Lastly, both wanted to prevent Germany from starting another war, but they approached the issue in quite different ways.  Stalin wanted to crush Germany so it would not be able to rise and attack USSR again, while Truman thought that this may be a repeat of the treaty of Versailles so wanted to help Germany recover and made it a valuable trading partner.

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States reorganisation commission was appointed by Government of India in 1953, under chair of Faizal Ali, to reorganise the states boundaries. THe faizal Ali commission submitted its report in 1955 and as per its recommendation, states Reorganisation Act, 1956 came into force. It made fllowing recommendations:

It recommended that states may be reorganised or boundaries can be re drawn on the basis of 'Languages of India' and not on the basis of religion.

It recommended to do away with earlier arrangement of Part A, Band C states, and recommended that there will be States and Union governed Union Territories.