Discontent among the Sepoys is due to the following reason - Racial discomfort between british and Indian army , religious belief * In 1856 , Lord Canning passed the enlistment act that the Bengal army may serve anywhere ( outside the country ) this caused resentment * They could not pay bhatta ( extra payment ) while serving Sindh and punjab * Indian army revolt before 1857 - Bengal (1764), Vellore (1806), Barrackpore (1825) * enfield rifle and a greased paper cover which is bitten off and it is composed of beef and pig fat this create immediate cause of revolt 1857 .

State Reorganisation commission was constituted by the central government of India in dec.1953 to recommend the reorganisation of sate boundaries . This was headed by the former chief justice of supreme court Fazal Ali ,K.M.Panikkar and H.N.Kunzru, made the following recommendation - a) reorganisation of state on the basis of linguistic and cultural basis B) on the basis of 1956 report , 14 state and 6 union territories . C) encourage the Indian language other than Hindi.

French Revolution has taken place during 1789 as the turning point in the history of France. It was regarded as the age of reason and lead to the rise of nationalism. The revolution abolished the feudal system, absolute monarchy, and reconstructed family, church and nearly every sphere of life. A centralized administrative system was introduced and it operated uniform laws for all the citizens. The revolutionaries further emphasized on the mission to liberate the peoples of Europe. Under the Napoleon code or the Civil Code of 1804, privileges based on birth were abolished and ensures equality before the law, abolished the feudal and guild system, freed the peasant from the serfdom and dues, improved the transportation and communication system for the welfare of the common mass.

Pativedaka is a term derived from sanskrit origin that refers to a reporter or a columnist. There is mention of Pativedakas in Arthashastra of Kautilya who functioned as special correspondents of the King. They informed the King about the public opinions within the specific domain under the kingship.

However, the contemporary reporters usually work for the national and international happenings at the global levels. They critically analyze the dealings of the ruling and the opponent parties for the interest of the common mass.

Chittaranjan Das, Motilal Nehru, S Srinivas, Narmsinah

Biosphere is the portion of the earth which comprised of lithosphere, atmosphere, hydrophere where living and non living things live together comprised of ecosystem.

Importance of CONGRESS OF Vienna

As the Napoleonic wars and French revolution dismatled the European powers, the major European generals planned to convene the Treaty of Chaumont of March 1814 ( ito initiate nternational conferences )so to forge a balance of power in Europe and restoration of the annexed kingdoms to the respective states.

The Austrian Chancellor, Metternich, called upon its major allies -- Lord Castlereagh ( Great Britain),  Tsar Alexander I  ( Russia),  Chancellor  Karl August ( Prussia ) and later, Charles Maurice Talleyrand ( France - foreign minister)  together convened the Congress at Vienna and decided to reestablish and safeguard the major territories through harmonious conditions.  As such, the major decisions undertaken were --  

1.  Russian gained Warsaw ( Poland),  and retained Finland.

2.   Prussia  acquired western Warsaw ( newly formed Pozen), Swedish Pomerania, northern Rhineland and Saxony.

3.    Austria acquired Tyrol and Salzburg, Italian provinces of Lombardy and Venice, Ragusa in Dalmatia.

4.     A Conferation of 39 German states weas established ( previous 300 states of Holy Roman Empire renamed as   Conferated Germany) .

5.   Netherlands and the Southern Netherlands reestablished as a united monarchy -- The United Kingdom of Neterlands with The  House of  Orange - Nassau. 

6. The annexed territories -- Bavaria, Wuttermberg, Baden, Hesse - Darmstadt and Nassau were reestablished:  Bavaria acquired the parts of Wurzburg, Frankfurt and the Rhenish Palatinate.

7.   The Bourbon dynasty and the kingdom of Naples were restored to their respective statesmen.

8.     The kingdom of Piedmont - Sardinia, alongwith Nice and Savoy, restored to their mainland possessions and retained the control of The Republic of Geneva. 

9.    Britain retained the Cape Colony in Southern Africa, Tobago,  Ceylon, and other colonies in Africa and Asia.

10.   The neutrality of 22 cantons of Switzerland was guaranteed  and a federal pact was recommended so to safeguard the pace and harmony among the cantons -   Bienne and the Prince - Bishopric of Basel were included in the Canton of Bern. 

11.   The Papal states under the rule of Pope were restored to their former extent, and  exception being -  Avignon and Comtat  Venaissin retained as French territories

Segun bhatti means worship of picture/statues of God like Krishna, Amba, Shiva...where as Nirgun bhakti refers to Nirakar direct to the cosmic power like Om ओउम (ऊ) one supernatural healing power who rules/run the world.

The French revolution completely changed the social and political structure of France .it put an end to the French monarchy ,feudalism ,and took political power from the catholic Church .it brought new ideas to Europe including liberty and freedom for the commoner as well as the abolishment of slavery and the rights of women .Although the revolution ended with the rise of Napolean ,the ideas and reform did not die.These new ideas continued to influence Europe and helped to shape many of Europe's modern - day governmenrs