French Revolution has taken place during 1789 as the turning point in the history of France. It was regarded as the age of reason and lead to the rise of nationalism. The revolution abolished the feudal system, absolute monarchy, and reconstructed family, church and nearly every sphere of life. A centralized administrative system was introduced and it operated uniform laws for all the citizens. The revolutionaries further emphasized on the mission to liberate the peoples of Europe. Under the Napoleon code or the Civil Code of 1804, privileges based on birth were abolished and ensures equality before the law, abolished the feudal and guild system, freed the peasant from the serfdom and dues, improved the transportation and communication system for the welfare of the common mass.

Pativedaka is a term derived from sanskrit origin that refers to a reporter or a columnist. There is mention of Pativedakas in Arthashastra of Kautilya who functioned as special correspondents of the King. They informed the King about the public opinions within the specific domain under the kingship.

However, the contemporary reporters usually work for the national and international happenings at the global levels. They critically analyze the dealings of the ruling and the opponent parties for the interest of the common mass.

Chittaranjan Das, Motilal Nehru, S Srinivas, Narmsinah

Biosphere is the portion of the earth which comprised of lithosphere, atmosphere, hydrophere where living and non living things live together comprised of ecosystem.

Importance of CONGRESS OF Vienna

As the Napoleonic wars and French revolution dismatled the European powers, the major European generals planned to convene the Treaty of Chaumont of March 1814 ( ito initiate nternational conferences )so to forge a balance of power in Europe and restoration of the annexed kingdoms to the respective states.

The Austrian Chancellor, Metternich, called upon its major allies -- Lord Castlereagh ( Great Britain),  Tsar Alexander I  ( Russia),  Chancellor  Karl August ( Prussia ) and later, Charles Maurice Talleyrand ( France - foreign minister)  together convened the Congress at Vienna and decided to reestablish and safeguard the major territories through harmonious conditions.  As such, the major decisions undertaken were --  

1.  Russian gained Warsaw ( Poland),  and retained Finland.

2.   Prussia  acquired western Warsaw ( newly formed Pozen), Swedish Pomerania, northern Rhineland and Saxony.

3.    Austria acquired Tyrol and Salzburg, Italian provinces of Lombardy and Venice, Ragusa in Dalmatia.

4.     A Conferation of 39 German states weas established ( previous 300 states of Holy Roman Empire renamed as   Conferated Germany) .

5.   Netherlands and the Southern Netherlands reestablished as a united monarchy -- The United Kingdom of Neterlands with The  House of  Orange - Nassau. 

6. The annexed territories -- Bavaria, Wuttermberg, Baden, Hesse - Darmstadt and Nassau were reestablished:  Bavaria acquired the parts of Wurzburg, Frankfurt and the Rhenish Palatinate.

7.   The Bourbon dynasty and the kingdom of Naples were restored to their respective statesmen.

8.     The kingdom of Piedmont - Sardinia, alongwith Nice and Savoy, restored to their mainland possessions and retained the control of The Republic of Geneva. 

9.    Britain retained the Cape Colony in Southern Africa, Tobago,  Ceylon, and other colonies in Africa and Asia.

10.   The neutrality of 22 cantons of Switzerland was guaranteed  and a federal pact was recommended so to safeguard the pace and harmony among the cantons -   Bienne and the Prince - Bishopric of Basel were included in the Canton of Bern. 

11.   The Papal states under the rule of Pope were restored to their former extent, and  exception being -  Avignon and Comtat  Venaissin retained as French territories

Segun bhatti means worship of picture/statues of God like Krishna, Amba, Shiva...where as Nirgun bhakti refers to Nirakar direct to the cosmic power like Om ओउम (ऊ) one supernatural healing power who rules/run the world.

The French revolution completely changed the social and political structure of France .it put an end to the French monarchy ,feudalism ,and took political power from the catholic Church .it brought new ideas to Europe including liberty and freedom for the commoner as well as the abolishment of slavery and the rights of women .Although the revolution ended with the rise of Napolean ,the ideas and reform did not die.These new ideas continued to influence Europe and helped to shape many of Europe's modern - day governmenrs

President must take advice from PM and Council Of Ministers as it is mentioned in Constitution Article 74 -There shall be a Council of Ministers with the Prime Minister at the head to aid and advise the President who shall, in the exercise of his functions, act in accordance with such advice If u like my answer than reply me...

Kabir ji assorted the basic unity of all human beings on the basis of some spiritual hypothesis of god's immanence in every heart but on very rational & scientific basis .All human beings are the same according to him .He derives a morality of compassion and non - violence from his basics thesis of unity of all living beings. Mahatma Gandhi: The mahatma's interpretation of the same visions gives us two messages which can contribute to realizing the above goals .They are sincere religious tolerations of and respect for other faiths on the basis of frank acknowledgement of the possible faults of our own religion and the need to see' Divine' in the hearts of dumb millions.

A constitution is the soul of a democratic country. Four things make a country. They are government,judicial body, its people and the most important constitution. The constitution serves as a backbone of the country. Without it,the Law and jurisdiction will not hold up .

5 reason to need constitution 

1. constitution is the Supreme law that determines the relationship among people and also the relationship between people and the government. 

2. it generates a degree of trust and co ordination that is very necessary for different kinds of people living a country. 

3.it gives a guarantee of the rights of the citizen. 

4. it ensures that  good people come to power

5. It gives the basic right of living and also right of equality.