State Reorganisation commission was constituted by the central government of India in dec.1953 to recommend the reorganisation of sate boundaries . This was headed by the former chief justice of supreme court Fazal Ali ,K.M.Panikkar and H.N.Kunzru, made the following recommendation - a) reorganisation of state on the basis of linguistic and cultural basis B) on the basis of 1956 report , 14 state and 6 union territories . C) encourage the Indian language other than Hindi.

While shopping, a consumer should first of all  see the manufacturing period and expiry period of the product which he/she is buying,price of the product including gst and name of the manufacturer, marketing firm and also the symbol of isi,fpp etc printed on it.

The first coalition government was formed by the Janata Party ,under the able leadership of Sri Morarji Desai. The time period of this government was in between 24th March 1977,to 15 th July 1979. It was the first non-congress coalition government,inIndian political history .

• Tectonic plates are the huge slabs of rocks that make up the outer crust of the earth.
• According to the scientists, there are eight major tectonic plates and a number of minor plates that act as the outer skin of the earth.
• The plates under the oceans are known as the oceanic plates and the ones under continents are known as the continental plates.
• These plates keep moving away from or towards each other.
• Plate tectonics play an important role in shaping our planet.
• It is responsible for mountain range formation, oceanic trenches and occurrence of earthquakes and volcanoes among many other geologic phenomena.

We need constitution because it defines certain principles and guidelines which is required for a country to set up an environment which helps people to live in harmony

Doctrine of lapse was started by Lord Dalhousie.It was policy of direct control over territories by colonial rulers. As per this rule if any king doesn't posses a legal heir then political and economic control of that territory is under British.This policy was one of the main cause for 1857 sepoy mutiny.Rani of Jhansi bravely stood against this policy and didn't allow Jhansi to fall in hands of this lapse.

The word Democracy has come from the word democrat which means equity i.e. equal rights for all. According to ABRAHAM LINCON, democracy is by the people, of the people and for the people.

Unemployment

What is unemployment?

Unemployment is a term referring to individuals who are employable and actively seeking a job but are unable to find a job. Included in this group are those people in the workforce who are working but do not have an appropriate job. Usually measured by the unemployment rate, which is dividing the number of unemployed people by the total number of people in the workforce, unemployment serves as one of the indicators of a country’s economic status.

Understanding Unemployment

The term “unemployment” is often misunderstood, it as it includes people who are waiting to return to a job after being discharged, yet it does not include individuals who have stopped looking for work in the past four weeks due to various reasons such as leaving work to pursue higher education, retirement, disability, and personal issues. Also people who are not actively seeking a job but do want to work are not classified as unemployed.

Interestingly, people who have not looked for a job in the past four weeks but have been actively seeking one in the last 12 months are put into a category called the “marginally attached to the labor force.” Within this category is another category called “discouraged workers,” which refers to people who have given up looking for a job.

The categories mentioned above sometimes causes confusion and debate as to whether the unemployment rate fully represents the actual number of people who are unemployed. For a full understanding, one should juxtapose “unemployment” with the term “employment,” which the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) describes as individuals aged 16 and above who have recently put hours into work in the past week, paid or otherwise, because of self-employment.

Types of Unemployment

There are basically four types of unemployment: (1) demand deficient, (2) frictional, (3) structural, and (4) voluntary unemployment.

 1. Demand deficient unemployment

Demand deficit unemployment is the biggest cause of unemployment that typically happens during a recession. When companies experience a reduction in the demand for their products or services, they respond by cutting back on their production, making it necessary to reduce their workforce within the organization. In effect, workers are laid off.

2. Frictional unemployment

Frictional unemployment refers to those workers who are in between jobs. An example is a worker who recently quit or was fired and is looking for a job in an economy that is not experiencing a recession. It is not an unhealthy thing because it is usually caused by workers trying to find a job that is most suitable to their skills.

3. Structural unemployment

Structural unemployment happens when the skills set of a worker does not match the skills demanded by the jobs available, or alternatively when workers are available but are unable to reach the geographical location of the jobs.

An example is a teaching job that requires relocation to China, but the worker cannot secure a work visa due to certain visa restrictions. It can also happen when there is a technological change in the organization, such as workflow automation that displaces the need for human labor.

 4. Voluntary unemployment

Voluntary unemployment happens when a worker decides to leave a job because it is no longer financially compelling. An example is a worker whose take-home pay is less than his or her cost of living.

Causes of Unemployment

Unemployment is caused by various reasons that come from both the demand side, or employer, and the supply side, or the worker.

Demand-side reductions may be caused by high interest rates, global recession, and financial crisis. From the supply side, frictional unemployment and structural employment play a great role.

Effects

The impact of unemployment can be felt by both the workers and the national economy and can cause a ripple effect.

Unemployment causes workers to suffer financial hardship that impacts families, relationships, and communities. When it happens, consumer spending, which is one of an economy’s key drivers of growth, goes down, leading to a recession or even a depression when left unaddressed.

Unemployment results in reduced demand, consumption, and buying power, which in turn causes lower profits for businesses and leads to budget cuts and workforce reductions. It creates a cycle that goes on and on that is difficult to reverse without some type of intervention.

Long-term Unemployment vs. Short-term Unemployment

Unemployment that lasts longer than 27 weeks even if the individual has sought employment in the last four weeks is called long-term unemployment. Its effects are far worse than short-term unemployment for obvious reasons, and the following are noted as some of its effects.

Some 56% of the long-term unemployed reported a significant decrease in their net worth.

Financial problems are not the only effects of long-term unemployment as 46% of those in such a state reported experiencing strained family relationships. The figure is relatively higher than the 39% percent who weren’t unemployed for as long.

Another 43% of the long-term unemployed reported a significant effect on their ability to achieve their career goals.

Sadly, long-term unemployment led to 38% of these individuals losing their self-respect and 24% seeking professional help.

 Final Word

Unemployment is a serious social and economic issue that results in a tremendous impact on everything but is often overlooked. A stronger system of assessing unemployment should be put in place in order to determine its causes and how to address it better.

The Zila Parishad ( District Council/ Zila Panchayat ) is the third tier of the Panchayati Raj system, functioning at the District levels in all the States. The members of the State Legislature and the Members of Parlianment are members of The Council, and acts as the link between the State government and the village -level Gram Panchayat.

The chief executive officer, a civil servant under IAS or State Administrative cadre, heads the administration of the Parishad and is nominated by the government. He/ she executes and supervises  the developmental schmes initiated in the divisions of the Parishad at both the district and village level.

The sources of income of Zila Parishad are -- 

(a)   Fixed grant from the State government in proportion to the land revenue and money levied on construction and irrigation schemes assigned to the Parishad.

(b)  Taxes collected from residential and commercial property, , revenue from markets, pilgrimage, waterworks, electricity, cattle, fairs and exhibitions,  etc.

(c)   The Zila Parishad can collect money from The Panchayats with the approval of theState and Cental government.

The Equator Equinox witnesses the occurence of equal days and equal nights, twice a year on 21st March and 23rd September, as the sunrays fall directly above the plane of the Earth's Equator where as the actual position of the sun is below the horizon, and the equal days and nights happening is because of the refraction of sunlight being scattered all around the earth's hemisphere.