In gel electrophoresis, the DNA fragments of different sizes travel through the agarose gel, under the influence of electricity as DNA is negatively charged due to phosphate groups. The larger fragments are retarded back whereas smaller fragments travel faster towards the positive terminal. It leads to differential movement due to difference in size of DNA fragments.

Benign tumors are restricted to one area and do not show abnormal growth whereas malignant tumors show metastasis, they ledge themselves at multiple areas in body.

EliLily company produced first recombinant insulin by synthesizing Aand B chains separately and then linking them through disulfide bonds.

Hygiene is utmost important. Regular washing after urinating. Having an active lifestyle. Maintaining proper diet.

A plasmid is an extracellular self replicationg piece of DNA that gives advantages like antibiotic resistance to the cell. Bacteria and yeast have been found to have plasmids.

Pathogen is a microoraganisms eg. Virus ,protist, fungi, bacteria which causes diseases in plants and animals. Example Salmonella produce toxin which cause food poisoning

Neoschizomers are restriction enzymes that recognize the same nucleotide sequence as their prototype but cleave at a different site.

ertilization in human is a  physio-chemical process, because

1)The egg has some enzymes to stop multiple entries of sperms and the sperm possess some chemicals to dissolve the egg membranes.

2)It includes movement of gametes for fusion.

Anatropous is having or being a plant ovule inverted so that the micropyle is bent down to the funiculus to that the body of the ovule is united.

A plasmid is a small DNA molecule within a cell that is physically separated from a chromosomal DNA and can replicate independently. They are most commonly found as small circular, double-stranded DNA molecules in bacteria